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Jamie Cardiovascular Pathology > Arrhythmias > Flashcards

Arrhythmias Flashcards

1
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

Abnormal heart rhythm problems

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2
Q

What are the 4 main types of arrhythmia?

A

Atrial fibrillation
Heart block
Supraventricular tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia

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3
Q

How does atrial fibrillation initially present?

A

Asymptomatic

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4
Q

What are 4 of the signs of atrial fibrillation past the asymptomatic phase?

A

Palpitations
Dyspnoea
Chest pain
Fatigue

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5
Q

What 3 investigations should be performed for suspected atrial fibrillation?

A

12 Lead ECG over 24 hours
Blood tests (especially thyroid function
ECHO cardiogram

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6
Q

What anatomical part of the heart is supraventricular tachycardia related to?

A

AV node

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7
Q

What are 3 signs of supraventricular tachycardia?

A

Palpitations
Dyspnoea
Dizziness

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8
Q

What are 4 signs of supraventricular tachycardia?

A

Palpitations
Dyspnoea
Dizziness
Syncope

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9
Q

What 4 investigations should be performed for suspected ventricular tachycardia?

A

ECG
Bloods
ECHO
Angiogram

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10
Q

In what 2 situations should a temporary pacemaker be fitted?

A

During intermittent/sustained symptomatic bradycardia

Prophylactic for risk of severe bradycardia

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11
Q

In what 2 situations should a permanent pacemaker be fitted?

A

2nd/3rd degree AV block
Sinus node disease (with associated symptoms)
Carotid sinus hypersensitivity

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12
Q

What are the 4 Vaughn-Williams classes of arrhythmia drugs?

A

I - sodium channel blockers
II - beta blockers
III - potassium channel blockers
IV - calcium channel blockers

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13
Q

What are the the 3 different sub-types of class I arrhythmia drugs and their effects on repolarisation?

A

IA - delays polarisation
IB - accelerates polarisation
IC - little effect on repolarisation

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14
Q

What are class IA arrhythmia drugs used to treat? (3)

A

Atrial fibrillation
Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias
Ventricular tachyarrhythmias

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15
Q

Give an example of a class IA arrhythmia drug and 2 side effects?

A

Quinidine (headache, nausea)

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16
Q

What are class IB arrhythmia drugs used to treat?

A

Ventricular tachyarrhythmias

17
Q

Give an example of a class IA arrhythmia drug?

A

Lidocaine

18
Q

What are class IC arrhythmia drugs used to treat? (2)

A

Life-threatining supraventricular tachyarrhythmias

Ventricular tachyarrhythmias

19
Q

Give an example of a class IC arrhythmia drug and a side effect?

A

Flecainide (can induce life-threatining ventricular tachyarrhythmias)

20
Q

What are class II arrhythmia drugs (beta blockers) used to treat? (2)

A

Supraventricular dysarrhythmias

Ventricular dysarrhythmias

21
Q

Give an example of a class II arrhythmia drug?

A

Atenolol

22
Q

What is the class II arrhythmia drug “Bisoprolol” used for?

A

First line treatment of atrial fibrilation

23
Q

What effect to class III arrhythmia drugs (pottasium blockers) have on action potential?

A

Increase the action potential duration

24
Q

What are class III arrhythmia drugs used to treat? (3)

A

Life-threatening or sustained ventricular tachycardia
Life-threatening ventricular fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation/flutter

25
Q

Give an example of a class III arrhythmia drug?

A

Amiodarone

26
Q

What effect do class IV (calcium channel blockers) arrhythmia drugs have on depolarisation?

A

They depress phase 4 depolarisation

27
Q

What are class IV arrhythmia drugs used to treat? (2)

A

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

Rate control for atrial fibrillation/flutter

28
Q

Give an example of a class IV arrhythmia drug?

A

Verapamil

29
Q

What 2 non-classed drugs can be used to treat arrhythmia (contains more than one class property)?

A

Digoxin

Amiodarone

30
Q

What are some of the effects of digoxin toxicity? (4)

A

Nausea and vomiting
Bradycardia
Tachycardia
Arrhythmias: VT and VF

31
Q

What is Amiodarone used to treat? (2)

A

Ventricular tachycardia

Supraventricular tachycardia

32
Q

Which classes of arrhythmia treatment can produce sinus tachycardia as a side effect? (2)

A

Class II, IV

33
Q

Which classes of arrhythmia treatment can produce Atrial fibrillation as a side effect? (5)

A

Class IA, IB, II, III, IV

Jamie Cardiovascular Pathology (17 decks)

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