Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Jamie Cardiovascular Pathology > Stable Angina and Coronary Heart Disease > Flashcards

Stable Angina and Coronary Heart Disease Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is angina?

A

Cardiac chest pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is myocardial ischemia?

A

When there is a mismatch between the myocardial supply and demand of Oxygen and metabolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia?

A

Reduced coronary blood flow to the myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 2 less common causes of myocardial ischaemia

A

Reduced oxygen transport (anaemia)

Pathologically increased myocardial oxygen demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most common cause of reduced oxygen transport?

A

Anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common cause of pathologically increased myocardial oxygen demand?

A

LVH (left ventricular hypertrophy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the most common cause of angina?

A

Coronary atheroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does myocardial ischaemia lead to?

A

Angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to myocardial oxygen demand when HR and BP increase?

A

Demand increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 4 lifestyle-related causes of increased myocardial oxygen demand?

A

Exertion
Stress
Cold weather
After a large meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where anatomically is angina often felt?

A

Retrosternally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the typical character of angina pain?

A

Tight band/heavy/pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where can angina pain radiate to? (2)

A

Neck (and jaw)

Arms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What 4 systems can cause angina pain?

A

CVS
Respiratory
Musculoskeletal
GI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 2 CVS causes of angina pain?

A

Aortic dissection

Pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are 2 Respiratory causes of angina pain?

A

Pneumonia

Pleurisy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are 2 Musculoskeletal causes of angina pain?

A

Cervical disease

Muscle spasm or strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are 2 GI causes of angina pain?

A

Gastro-oesphageal reflux

Pancreatis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are 2 situations in which myocardial ischaemia occurs with no chest pain?

A

Elderly

If patient has diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are 3 medical risk factors for coronary artery disease?

A

Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Hyperlipidaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are 4 features you may be able to identify on examination for stable angina?

A 
Tar Stains
Obesity
Xanthalasma
Corneal arcus
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Absent or reduced peripheral pulses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are 7 investigations you may perform to diagnose stable angina?

A 
Bloods (FBC, etc)
CXR
ECG
ETT (exercise tolerance test)
Myocardial perfusion imaging
CT coronary angiography
Cardiac catherisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What 2 general medical risk factors would you look at reducing for stable angina?

A

BP

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

If stable angina symptoms were not controlled after drug intervention then what would be done?

A

Revascularisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the 2 main types of revascularisation?
PCI (Percutaneous coronary intervention) | CABG (Coronary artery bypass grafting)
26
What 3 types of drugs would be administered to reduce the disease progression of stable angina and when should they be used?
Statins (if high total cholesterol)0 ACE inhibitors (if increased CV risk and atheroma) Asprin
27
What 4 types of drugs should be used for relief of stable angina symptoms?
Calcium channel blockers Nitrates Potassium channel openers Beta blockers
28
What is done in PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention)?
Stenting regions identified by coronary angiography
29
What is the most common symptom of coronary heart disease?
Angina
30
What are 3 medical risk factors for coronary heart disease?
Hypertension Hyperlipidaemia Hyperglycaemia
31
What are 3 social risk factors for coronary heart disease?
Male Post-menopausal Smoking
32
What are 3 rate limiting drugs to treat coronary heart disease?
Beta blockers Ivabradine CCBs
33
What are 2 vasodilating drugs to treat coronary heart disease?
CCBs | Nitrates
34
What is the rebound phenomena (in relation to beta blocker)?
When beta blockers are suddenly taken away as treatment it can actually cause an MI
35
What are 4 contraindications of beta blockers?
Asthma Peripheral vascular disease Heart failure Bradycardia
36
What are 3 adverse drug reactions of beta blockers?
Fatigue Impotence Bradycardia
37
What is the main nitrate vasodilating drug?
GTN (glyceryl trinitrate)
38
What are 2 adverse drug reactions to nitrates?
Headache | Hypotension
39
What is the main potassium channel opening drug?
Nicorandil
40
What is the 2 main anti-platelet drugs?
Asprin | Clopidigrol
41
What are 2 examples of statins?
Simvastatin | Pravastatin
42
What is the term used to describe when there is a lack of blood supply to an organ/tissue leading to a lack of oxygen supply?
Hypoxia
43
What are the 4 types of hypoxia?
Hypoxic Anaemic Stagnant Cytotoxic
44
What is hypoxic hypoxia?
When there is either: 1. Low inspired oxygen level 2. Normal inspired oxygen but low partial pressure of oxygen
45
What is anaemic hypoxia?
Oxygen that is inspired is normal but the oxygen in the blood stream is abnormal
46
What is stagnant hypoxia?
inspired oxygen is normal but the delivery is abnormal (i.e. occlusion of a vessel)
47
What is cytotoxic hypoxia?
Oxygen is normal at inspiration but abnormal at the tissues
48
What is the definition of infarction?
The obstruction of blood flow
49
What are 4 examples of infarctions?
Thrombosis Embolism Strangulation Trauma (to vessels)
50
What 4 factors is the extent of damage from an infarction/ischaemia dependant on?
Time Tissue/organ affected Pattern of blood flow Previous diseases
51
What is a myocardial infarction?
Cell death due to ischaemia
52
What is the difference between a major or minor infarction?
The degree of coronary artery occlusion
53
What is used to detect cardiac cell death?
Positive cardiac biomarkers
54
What is a STEMI MI caused by?
Completely occluded artery
55
If the patient is having a STEMI MI what is the main interventional treatment?
PCI in a cath lab
56
What interventional treatment should be given to a patient with STEMI MI if there is no cath nearby?
Thrombolysis
57
What should a patient with suspected ACG be monitiered with in the hospital?
Cardiac moniter
58
What procedure should patients with NSTEMI be given if they are at high risk?
Angiogram
59
What are 4 risks of interventional treatment for ACS?
Bleeding Blood vessel damages MI Stroke
60
Where is troponin contained in?
Cardiac myocytes
61
Why is troponin in the blood stream a precursor for MI?
Shows that there are problems with myocardial cells
62
What are 4 drug types used to treat MI
Asprin B blockers ACEI Statins

Jamie Cardiovascular Pathology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions