Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Jamie Cardiovascular Pathology > Stable Angina and Coronary Heart Disease > Flashcards

Stable Angina and Coronary Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is angina?

A

Cardiac chest pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is myocardial ischemia?

A

When there is a mismatch between the myocardial supply and demand of Oxygen and metabolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia?

A

Reduced coronary blood flow to the myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 2 less common causes of myocardial ischaemia

A

Reduced oxygen transport (anaemia)

Pathologically increased myocardial oxygen demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most common cause of reduced oxygen transport?

A

Anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common cause of pathologically increased myocardial oxygen demand?

A

LVH (left ventricular hypertrophy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the most common cause of angina?

A

Coronary atheroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does myocardial ischaemia lead to?

A

Angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to myocardial oxygen demand when HR and BP increase?

A

Demand increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 4 lifestyle-related causes of increased myocardial oxygen demand?

A

Exertion
Stress
Cold weather
After a large meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where anatomically is angina often felt?

A

Retrosternally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the typical character of angina pain?

A

Tight band/heavy/pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where can angina pain radiate to? (2)

A

Neck (and jaw)

Arms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What 4 systems can cause angina pain?

A

CVS
Respiratory
Musculoskeletal
GI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 2 CVS causes of angina pain?

A

Aortic dissection

Pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are 2 Respiratory causes of angina pain?

A

Pneumonia

Pleurisy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are 2 Musculoskeletal causes of angina pain?

A

Cervical disease

Muscle spasm or strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are 2 GI causes of angina pain?

A

Gastro-oesphageal reflux

Pancreatis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are 2 situations in which myocardial ischaemia occurs with no chest pain?

A

Elderly

If patient has diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are 3 medical risk factors for coronary artery disease?

A

Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Hyperlipidaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are 4 features you may be able to identify on examination for stable angina?

A 
Tar Stains
Obesity
Xanthalasma
Corneal arcus
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Absent or reduced peripheral pulses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are 7 investigations you may perform to diagnose stable angina?

A 
Bloods (FBC, etc)
CXR
ECG
ETT (exercise tolerance test)
Myocardial perfusion imaging
CT coronary angiography
Cardiac catherisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What 2 general medical risk factors would you look at reducing for stable angina?

A

BP

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

If stable angina symptoms were not controlled after drug intervention then what would be done?

A

Revascularisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 2 main types of revascularisation?

A

PCI (Percutaneous coronary intervention)

CABG (Coronary artery bypass grafting)

26
Q

What 3 types of drugs would be administered to reduce the disease progression of stable angina and when should they be used?

A

Statins (if high total cholesterol)0
ACE inhibitors (if increased CV risk and atheroma)
Asprin

27
Q

What 4 types of drugs should be used for relief of stable angina symptoms?

A

Calcium channel blockers
Nitrates
Potassium channel openers
Beta blockers

28
Q

What is done in PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention)?

A

Stenting regions identified by coronary angiography

29
Q

What is the most common symptom of coronary heart disease?

A

Angina

30
Q

What are 3 medical risk factors for coronary heart disease?

A

Hypertension
Hyperlipidaemia
Hyperglycaemia

31
Q

What are 3 social risk factors for coronary heart disease?

A

Male
Post-menopausal
Smoking

32
Q

What are 3 rate limiting drugs to treat coronary heart disease?

A

Beta blockers
Ivabradine
CCBs

33
Q

What are 2 vasodilating drugs to treat coronary heart disease?

A

CCBs

Nitrates

34
Q

What is the rebound phenomena (in relation to beta blocker)?

A

When beta blockers are suddenly taken away as treatment it can actually cause an MI

35
Q

What are 4 contraindications of beta blockers?

A

Asthma
Peripheral vascular disease
Heart failure
Bradycardia

36
Q

What are 3 adverse drug reactions of beta blockers?

A

Fatigue
Impotence
Bradycardia

37
Q

What is the main nitrate vasodilating drug?

A

GTN (glyceryl trinitrate)

38
Q

What are 2 adverse drug reactions to nitrates?

A

Headache

Hypotension

39
Q

What is the main potassium channel opening drug?

A

Nicorandil

40
Q

What is the 2 main anti-platelet drugs?

A

Asprin

Clopidigrol

41
Q

What are 2 examples of statins?

A

Simvastatin

Pravastatin

42
Q

What is the term used to describe when there is a lack of blood supply to an organ/tissue leading to a lack of oxygen supply?

A

Hypoxia

43
Q

What are the 4 types of hypoxia?

A

Hypoxic
Anaemic
Stagnant
Cytotoxic

44
Q

What is hypoxic hypoxia?

A

When there is either:

  1. Low inspired oxygen level
  2. Normal inspired oxygen but low partial pressure of oxygen
45
Q

What is anaemic hypoxia?

A

Oxygen that is inspired is normal but the oxygen in the blood stream is abnormal

46
Q

What is stagnant hypoxia?

A

inspired oxygen is normal but the delivery is abnormal (i.e. occlusion of a vessel)

47
Q

What is cytotoxic hypoxia?

A

Oxygen is normal at inspiration but abnormal at the tissues

48
Q

What is the definition of infarction?

A

The obstruction of blood flow

49
Q

What are 4 examples of infarctions?

A

Thrombosis
Embolism
Strangulation
Trauma (to vessels)

50
Q

What 4 factors is the extent of damage from an infarction/ischaemia dependant on?

A

Time
Tissue/organ affected
Pattern of blood flow
Previous diseases

51
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

Cell death due to ischaemia

52
Q

What is the difference between a major or minor infarction?

A

The degree of coronary artery occlusion

53
Q

What is used to detect cardiac cell death?

A

Positive cardiac biomarkers

54
Q

What is a STEMI MI caused by?

A

Completely occluded artery

55
Q

If the patient is having a STEMI MI what is the main interventional treatment?

A

PCI in a cath lab

56
Q

What interventional treatment should be given to a patient with STEMI MI if there is no cath nearby?

A

Thrombolysis

57
Q

What should a patient with suspected ACG be monitiered with in the hospital?

A

Cardiac moniter

58
Q

What procedure should patients with NSTEMI be given if they are at high risk?

A

Angiogram

59
Q

What are 4 risks of interventional treatment for ACS?

A

Bleeding
Blood vessel damages
MI
Stroke

60
Q

Where is troponin contained in?

A

Cardiac myocytes

61
Q

Why is troponin in the blood stream a precursor for MI?

A

Shows that there are problems with myocardial cells

62
Q

What are 4 drug types used to treat MI

A

Asprin
B blockers
ACEI
Statins

Jamie Cardiovascular Pathology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions