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Embryology > Axial Skeleton Development > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Development Flashcards

1
Q

somitomeres arise from where

A

paraxial mesoderm

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2
Q

what day do the somitomeres arise ?

A

day 18 approx

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3
Q

What day to the somites begin to form ?

A

day 20

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4
Q

somites differentiate into what ?

A

sclerotome and dermomyotome

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5
Q

how many occpipital, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal somtes are there respectivelty

A

4,8,12,5,5,8-10

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6
Q

the ____________occipital somite and the cranial portion of the ________ cervical sclerotome help form the base of the occpital bone

A

fourth, first

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7
Q

how is the atlas formed ?

A

caudal half of the first cervical scleroome and the cranial half of the second cervical sclerotome

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8
Q

how is the first thoracic vertebrae formed ?

A

caudal half of the 8th cervical and the cranial half of the first thoracic sclerotome

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9
Q

the ribs form from

A

paraxial mesoderm

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10
Q

sterum forms from

A

somatic mesoderm

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11
Q

where do the intervertebral disks arise from ?>

A

a thin layer of mesenchymal cells between the cranial and caudal portions of the original sclerotome

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12
Q

notochord gives rise to what part of the interertebral disks

A

nucleus pulposis

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13
Q

annulus fibrosis develops from what /

A

sclerotome

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14
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal curvature because of improper fusion or formation of the vertebral column

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15
Q

pescavatum

A

sucken in chest, deformity in sternal bone

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16
Q

hemivertebrae

A

abnormal fusion resulting from misformed vertebrae

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17
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

incomplete neural disk usually asymptomatic and accomapnied by a patch of hair over the lesion

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18
Q

Klippel Feil syndrome

A

short neck from reduced number of cervical vetebrae

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19
Q

chordoma

A

remnants of notochord may give rise to malignant tumors that invade bone they develop at the base of the skull in the lumbar region

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20
Q

vast majority of skeletal muscles are derived from what

A

paraxial mesoderm

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21
Q

muscles of the head arise from

A

somitomeres

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22
Q

muscles of the tonque, torso and limbs arise from

A

somites

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23
Q

extrinsic muscles of eye develop from

A

pre-optic somites

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24
Q

dorsal part of the myotome is formed by _____________ which migrate farther to form _____________ muscles

A

primaxial muscle cells, epaxial (instrinisc)

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25
lateral part of myotome is formed by _____________ muscle cell precursors and gives rise to ____ muscles
abaxial, hypaxial
26
muscle dystrophies
conditions that result in weakness and muscle atrophy
27
accessory muscles
rectus sternalis
28
polan anomaly
congentical absence of pectoralis major
29
congenital torticollis
contracture or shortening of the sternocleidomastoid
30
slcerotome
gives rise to mesenchymal clles
31
mesemchyme develops into what three types of cells
fibroblasts, chondroblasts and osteoblasts
32
what gives rise to the sternum, shoulder and pelvic girdles
somatic layer of lateral place
33
what helps form many bones of the skull
neural crest cells
34
head somitomeres will form what parts othe the skull
cranial vault and the base of the skull
35
intramembranous ossification
occurs in mesencyme forms a membranous sheat mesenchyme condenses and becomes highly vascular osteoblasts lay donw matrix calcium is deposited FLAT BONES of skull and most of the clavicle
36
endochondral osssification
from hyaline cartilage occurs in preexisting cartilagenous model (starts by week 5) occurs in the diaphysis (shaft) cartilage cells hypertrophy, matrix becomes calcified and cells die thin laye of bone is deposited under the perichondrium and becomes periosteum invading cells differentiate into hemopoietic cells LIMB bones
37
pathfinding
active movement of an axon toward a target
38
tropic substance
laminin related proteins
39
chemoaffinity hypothesis
axons can have differing affinities for molecules
40
pioneer axons
first axons to develop seem to play a role; there is a single axon that grows using the above methods to find a target and other axons follow
41
What are the ways an axon can find its target
tropic substnace contact guidance theory chemoaffinity hypothesis
42
growth cones
these are specializtion at the ends of an axon that are used to survey the environment
43
ventricular zone
layer of cells directly surrounding the ventricle
44
What are the three layers of the neural tube
ependymal layer-surrounds the central canal mantle layer-middle layer contains cell bodies and astrocytes marginal layer- contains nerve fibers and oligodendrocytes
45
sulcus limitans
separates the neural tube into dorsal and ventral areas
46
the mantle layer of the neural tube develops into two regions what are they
basal plate-motor cell bodies | alar plate- sensory relay cells
47
neural crest cells that remain close to the neural tube give rise to
ganglia (dorsal root and sensory ganglia for cranial nerves)
48
What three ways do the neural crest cells leave the neural tube ?
head and pharyngeal arches autonomic ganglia in the torso malanocytes
49
the last cells to leave the neural tube give rise too what cell type
melanocytes
50
What is the sequence of formation for spinal nerve
GSE GVE and then finally sensory GSA, and GVA
51
when does the process of myelination occur
late fetal period approx 20 weeks (motor before sensory)
52
when do the frontal lob tracts myelinate
2nd decade of life
53
myelination is largely complete by when
8 years of age
54
dermatome
area of the skin that is innervatedby a spinal cord segment, segmental and overlapping
55
myostome
innervation of skeletal muscle based on the relationship of the spinal nerve and somite
56
sympathetic innervation to head
t1-t4
57
sympathetic innervation to heart
t1-t4/5
58
sympathetic innervation to organs in the abdomen and pelvis
t5-t12
59
parasympathetics
vagus and S2,3 and 4
60
pia and arachnoid mater arise from
neural crest
61
dura mater arises from
ectoderm
62
spina bifida occulta
involves vertebral arch, patch of hair
63
spina bifida cystica
involves a cyst like sac containing CSF
64
spina bifida with meningocele
onyl meninges
65
spina bifida with meningomyelocele
involves some neural tissue (roootlets) meninges and CSF
66
spina bifida with myeloschisis
neural folds fail to fuse posteriorly spinal cord is open to exterior SERIOUS
67
spinal dural sinus
indicated by a dimple through the lumbar region, indicates the region of closure of the caudal nueropore; can be connected through a fibrous cord to dura mater
68
tethered cord syndrome
defect in secondary neurulation; conus medullaris and filum terminale are abnormally fixed to the vertebral column; associated with lower limb and bladder control problems
69
hirschprungs disease
1-5,000 delay in passage of meconium results in constipation, vomiting, abdominal distension and rupture of cecum characteristic feature revealed by barium enema results from mutation in RET protooncogene neural crest fail to reach the hind gut
70
neurofibromatosis (type 1)
1 in 4000 congenital disorder that affects ALL derivatives of neural crest cells and results in nerve sheath tumors and cafe aulait spots (pigmented spots in the skin)

Embryology (19 decks)

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