Development of the Heart

Question 1

The ________is the first to develop and function within the developing fetus.

Answer 1

heart

Question 2

Where does oxygenated blood to the fetus come from ?

Answer 2

placenta

Question 3

Where do the cardiac precursor cells migrate into to form the primary heart field ?

Answer 3

splanchnic mesoderm

Question 4

The heart initially consists of what types of cells ?

Answer 4

endothelium and splanchnic mesoderm

Question 5

What are the two layers the splanchnic mesoderm develops into ?

Answer 5

myocardium and cardiac jelly

Question 6

cells from the splanchnic mesoderm also migrate and give rise to what ?

Answer 6

epicardium

Question 7

What are the three layers of the cardiac tube ?

Answer 7

epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

Question 8

cardiac looping is complete by what day ?

Answer 8

day 28

Question 9

The bulbus cordis helps give rise to what structures

Answer 9

trabeculated right ventricle, conus cordis (outflow tract), and truncus arteriosis

Question 10

The ventricle gives rise to what

Answer 10

left and right ventricle

Question 11

the atrium gives rise to

Answer 11

trabeculated right and left atria

Question 12

the sinus venosus helps give rise to

Answer 12

smooth part of right atrium

Question 13

The sinus venosus receives blood from

Answer 13

vitelline (yolk sac); umbilical (placenta) and common cardinal (embryo)

Question 14

What happens during Week 5

Answer 14

there is a great venous shift to the right and the right venous horn increases in size and the left becomes unimportant

Question 15

What does the right venous hour contribute to?

Answer 15

inferior vena cava

Question 16

Between the conus cordis and the truncus the endocardial cushions are from

Answer 16

neural crest cells and serve to partition the truncus

Question 17

between the atria and the ventricle the endocardial cushions are from

Answer 17

splanchnic mesoderm and partition the atria, ventricles and AV canals

Question 18

what helps form the foramen ovale

Answer 18

septum primum

Question 19

What type of tissue forms the AV valves

Answer 19

mesenchymal tissue

Question 20

the primitive ventricle forms

Answer 20

most of the left ventricle and parts of the right and the interventricular septum

Question 21

the bulbus cordis forms

Answer 21

most of the right ventricle

Question 22

the truncus ateriosus forms

Answer 22

infundibulum (conus arteriousus) and aortic vestibule

Question 23

What help partition the conus cordis and truncus arteriosus

Answer 23

neural crest cells

Question 24

initially the pacemaker is located where

Answer 24

caudal left cardiac tube

Question 25

Cells from what and the AV canal form the AV node and bundle branches

Answer 25

sinus venosus

Question 26

what day does the heart beat show up

Answer 26

day 30

Question 27

The ductus arteriosus is found in adults as

Answer 27

ligamentum ateriosus

Question 28

The cardiac precursors cells arise from what ?

Answer 28

epiblast

Question 29

The __________induces the cardiac precursor cells once they have migrated to form cardiac myoblasts

Answer 29

endoderm

Question 30

coelomic epithelium help to form what

Answer 30

myocardium and conducting system

Question 31

neural crest help form what

Answer 31

septa and media of great vessels

Question 32

cells from the splanchnic mesoderm help give rise to what layer of the heart

Answer 32

epicardium

Question 33

the first third of the bulbus cordis will form

Answer 33

trabeculated part of the right ventricle

Question 34

distal 1/3 of bulbus cordis (truncus arteriosus)

Answer 34

roots and proximal portion of aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 35

middle 1.3 of bulbus cordis (conus cordis)

Answer 35

will form the outflow tracts of both ventricles

Question 36

What veins are obliterated at the 5th week of development ?

Answer 36

right umbilical, left vitelline, and later left common cardinal vein

Question 37

what is the dividing line between the trabeculated part of the right atrium ?

Answer 37

crista terminalis

Question 38

the endocardial cushoins from the bulbous cordis works to

Answer 38

partition the truncus

Question 39

the endocardial cushions between the atria and ventricle work to

Answer 39

partition the atria, atrioventricular canals and interventricular septum

Question 40

the gap that remains in the septum primum is called

Answer 40

ostium primum

Question 41

perforations in the septum primum before the ostium primum closes is called what

Answer 41

ostium secundum

Question 42

a second fold appears in front of the septum primum this is called the

Answer 42

septum secondum

Question 43

the foramen ovale functions to

Answer 43

allow blood to pass from the right atrium to the left bypassing the lungs

Question 44

how do the semilunar valves evolve

Answer 44

from swellings in the pulmonary and aortic channels and the involvement of neural crest cells

Question 45

dextrocardia

Answer 45

heart is on the wrong side of the body

Question 46

ectopia cordis

Answer 46

heart is on the outside of the body

Question 47

sudden infant death syndrome

Answer 47

caused by abnormalities in the cardiac conducting system

Question 48

atrial septal defects

Answer 48

can involve a persistent ostium secondum, common atrium, defect in endocardial cushions, defect involving sinus venosum or probe patency

Question 49

ventricular septal defect

Answer 49

defects in muscular part usually resolve, the membranous part are more serious

Question 50

cor triloculae biventriculae

Answer 50

absence of a atrial septum resulting in a 3 chambered heart

Question 51

premature closure of the oval foramen

Answer 51

leads to hypertrophy of the right atrium and ventricle and hypotrophy of left chambers; patient typically dies shortly after birth

Question 52

transposition of the great vessels

Answer 52

septum that divides the aorta and pulmonary trunk does NOT form properly

Question 53

dextrocardia

Answer 53

heart tube bends t left side and the heart becomes displaced to the right side

Question 54

tricuspid valve atresia

Answer 54

always have patency of the foramen ovale, ventricular septal defect and underdeveloped right ventricle and hypertrophy of left ventricle

Question 55

ebstein anomaly

Answer 55

improper formation of the tricuspid valve where the valves partially fuse to the ventricular wall, right ventricle becomes atrialized by tricuspid regirgitation; indicated by cyanosis and heart failure ususally accompanied by ASD

Question 56

hypoplasitc left heart syndrome

Answer 56

poorly developed left ventricle; must pass through ASD to the right atrium into the right ventricle and then through the patent ductus ateriosus into systemic circulation is fatal

Question 57

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 57

affects organization and structure of cardiac muscle, mutation in beta myosin heavy chanin, cause of death in young atheletes

Question 58

tetrology of fallot

Answer 58

pulmonary stenosis right ventricular hypertrophy overriding aorta ventricular septal defect

Question 59

tetrology of fallot results from

Answer 59

improper formation of conotruncal septum

Question 60

pentrad of fallot

Answer 60

``` pulmonary stenosis right ventricular hypertroph overriding aorta ventricular septal defect atrical septal defect ```

Question 61

persistent truncus ateriosus

Answer 61

conotruncal ridges do not fuse accompanied by IV septal defect truncus gets blood from both ventricles