Chapter 2 gametogenesis

Question 1

primitive sex cords

Answer 1

supporting cells plus the germ cells

Question 2

genital ridges

Answer 2

areas where the gonads are going to form

Question 3

What are the supporting cells of the female ?

Answer 3

follicular cells

Question 4

what are the supporting cells of the male?

Answer 4

sertoli cells

Question 5

In male gametogenesis, primordial germ cells lay dormant until when ?

Answer 5

puberty

Question 6

What hormone and cells places an important role in male gametogenesis

Answer 6

LH and leydig cells

Question 7

When does spermatogenesis stop ?

Answer 7

when the person dies

Question 8

What hormone do the leydig cells secrete?

Answer 8

testosterone

Question 9

what starts the process of spermatogensis?

Answer 9

secretion of testosterone by the leydig cells

Question 10

spermiogenesis

Answer 10

conversion of spermatids into mature sperm

Question 11

What four steps occur in spermiogenesis?

Answer 11

lose the cytoplasm, condense nucleus, neck+ tail added and acrosome added

Question 12

maturation of the sperm occurs where ?

Answer 12

vagina of the female

Question 13

at week 12 what major step happens in female gametogenesis

Answer 13

population of oogonia after their first meiotic prophase become dormant until puberty!

Question 14

ovarian follicle

Answer 14

capsule and the follicle

Question 15

What do the follicular cells secrete that prevent further progression of the cell cycle in female gametogenesis ?

Answer 15

OMI-oocyte aturation inhibitor helps arrest the process and puts the break in meiosis

Question 16

What are the two stages of the ovarian cycle ?

Answer 16

follicular stage and the luteal phase

Question 17

in 5-12 primordial follicles what happenes as a result of FSH and LH ?

Answer 17

the follicular cells begen to thicken to cuboidla cells and it becomes a primary follicle

Question 18

zona pellucida

Answer 18

a glycoprotein coat sereted by the follicular cells and the oocyte together

Question 19

graafian follicle

Answer 19

the structure that is formed that has an antrum (take up of fluid and space) when the main follicle continues to develop

Question 20

what hormone secretes HcG

Answer 20

SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAST

Question 21

what hormone does the corpus luteum secrete

Answer 21

progesterone until the placenta takes over

Question 22

malformations

Answer 22

occur during organogenesis in the embryonic period and result in abnormal structure

Question 23

disruptions

Answer 23

result from external influence that causes alterations of completely formed structures

Question 24

deformations

Answer 24

abnormal form resulting from mechanical forces (club foot is an example)

Question 25

dysplasia

Answer 25

abnormal organization of cells into tissue (sacrococcgela teratome)

Question 26

what percentage of congenital abnormalities is caused by genetic factors ?

Answer 26

28%

Question 27

agenesis

Answer 27

absence of an organ

Question 28

aplasia

Answer 28

cells to form an organ never formed

Question 29

association

Answer 29

anamalies occuring together without determiend cause

Question 30

atresia

Answer 30

absence of an opening or lumen

Question 31

hyperplasia

Answer 31

overgrowth of an organ

Question 32

hypoplasia

Answer 32

underdevelopment of an organ

Question 33

syndrome

Answer 33

a group of anomalies, occurring together with a common cause

Question 34

teratogen

Answer 34

subtance affecting migration, proliferation or interaction of cells; results in congenital anomalies

Question 35

What does the G1 phase do?

Answer 35

monitors the environment and the cell size to make sure its appropriate for replication

Question 36

pachytene

Answer 36

crossing over event (exchange of genetic material that results in unique genetic combinations

Question 37

where do the germ cells arise from

Answer 37

the epiblast from primary ectoderm

Question 38

when the primordial follicle gains a zona pellucida and has now become multilaters it is now called the_________--

Answer 38

primary follicle

Question 39

What are the two layers of the vesicular follicles or graafian follicles called

Answer 39

theca exerna and theca interna

Question 40

what does the theca interna become

Answer 40

steroid secreting cells !

Question 41

the granulose cells of the ruptured follicle after ovulation begin to proliferate to what type of cells

Answer 41

luteal cells

Question 42

what is the function of the corpus luteum

Answer 42

serves to maintain the uterine endometrium in a condition ready to receive an embryo

Question 43

what is the role of the menstrual cycle ?

Answer 43

to produce a single female gamete each month

Question 44

what is the cumulus oophorous

Answer 44

connects the oocyte to the rest of the graffian follicle

Question 45

what does the corpus luteum become if implantation does NOT occur

Answer 45

corpus albicans

Question 46

FSH

Answer 46

rises during first half follicular phase, peaks prior to ovulation, declines during luteal phase, functions to stimulate the development of ovarian follicles and production of estrogen

Question 47

LH

Answer 47

rises during first half of follicular phase, peaks just prior to obulation, declines at luteal phase and functions to trigger ovulation and production of progesterone

Question 48

estrogens

Answer 48

low at first half of follicular phse, rises during 2nd half of follicular phase and peaks before LH surge and decline sat beginning of luteal phase but then increases

Question 49

progesterone

Answer 49

low during folliuclar phase, increases prior to ovulation, in prenancy levels remain high, no pregnancy means rapid decline of progesterone due to degeration of corpus luteum

Question 50

what are the three phases of uterine progresstion

Answer 50

meststrual, proliferative, secreory, ischemic

Question 51

thecal cells from the theca externa secrete

Answer 51

estrogen

Question 52

trisomy 18

Answer 52

intellectual disability, congenital heart defects, low set ears, flextion of fingers and hands, renal abnormalities, microagnathi (small jaw) a, syndactyly, and malformations of skeletal system, three copies of trisomy 18

Question 53

trisomy 21

Answer 53

down's syndrome, growth retardation, varying degrees of intellectual disability, craniofacial abnormalities, extra skin folds, flat faces, small ears, hypotonia, premature aging risk of leukemia, thyroid disease and infection three copies of 21

Question 54

trisomy 13

Answer 54

intellectual disability, holoprosencelphly, heart defects, deafness, cleft lip, palate and eye defects microphthalmia(small eye), anophthalmia (missing and eye) and coloboma(hole in eye)

Question 55

klinefelter syndrome

Answer 55

found only in males usually detected by amnioentesis, sterility, testicular atrophy, 47 chromosomes, XXY, barr body is also present,

Question 56

turner syndrome

Answer 56

X karyotype, only monosomey compatible with life, absence of ovaries, short statur, webbed neck, lymphedema, broad chest and wise spaced nipples

Question 57

Triple X

Answer 57

often undergo undiagnosed, frequently have speech problems

Question 58

Angelman syndrome

Answer 58

microdeletion on the long arm of chromosome 15 on the maternal chromosome, cannot speakm poor motor development and unprovoked laughter

Question 59

prader willi syndrome

Answer 59

microdeletion on the long arm of chromosome 15 that occurs on the paternal chromosome, hypotonia, obesity, intellectual disability, hypogonadism, and undescended testes