B2.2 Organelles and compartmentalisation HL

Question 1

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 1

A network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Question 2

Answer 2

Golgi Apparatus

Question 3

An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.

Answer 3

Lysosome

Question 4

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae).

Answer 4

Mitochondrion

Question 5

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs. It contains chlorophyll and has a unique set of three membranes.

Answer 5

Chloroplast

Question 6

A double membrane structure that encloses the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm. It contains nuclear pores for the transport of materials

Answer 6

Nuclear Envelope

Question 7

Small particles consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins

Answer 7

Ribosomes

Question 8

Cristae

Answer 8

Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that increase the surface area for electron transport and ATP synthesis.

Question 9

A membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Answer 9

Thylakoid

Question 10

Stroma

Answer 10

The fluid-filled matrix of a chloroplast in which the Calvin Cycle takes place, outside the thylakoid systems.

Question 11

A semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell, composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins. It regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell.

Answer 11

Plasma Membrane

Question 12

The natural, regulated mechanism of the cell that disassembles unnecessary or dysfunctional components.

Answer 12

Autophagy

Question 13

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 13

A region of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes and functions in lipid synthesis and metabolism, and detoxification.

Question 14

A region of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis

Answer 14

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 15

A small structure within a cell, consisting of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer, used to transport materials within the cell

Answer 15

Vesicle

Question 16

Large protein complexes in the nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells that regulate the transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Answer 16

Nuclear Pores

Question 17

The process by which proteins are sorted and packaged into vesicles in the Golgi apparatus before being transported to their destination

Answer 17

Protein Packaging

Question 18

Cell Respiration

Answer 18

The process by which cells break down glucose and other molecules to release energy, occurring in the mitochondria

Question 19

The process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organism’s activities.

Answer 19

Photosynthesis

Question 20

ATP Synthesis

Answer 20

The process of producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that carries energy within cells, primarily occurring in the mitochondria during respiration

Question 21

Chlorophyll

Answer 21

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis.

Question 22

A set of chemical reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms. It is the second major stage of photosynthesis

Answer 22

Calvin Cycle

Question 23

A thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These layers are key to the cell membrane and form a barrier that separates cellular components from the external environment.

Answer 23

Lipid Bilayer

Question 24

Gene Expression

Answer 24

The process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product, often proteins, which then affect the cell’s structure and function

Question 25

A cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. The plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the cell

Answer 25

Endocytosis