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BIO1337 - Microbiology > Bacteria and disease > Flashcards

Bacteria and disease Flashcards

1
Q

Do are humans colonised with microorganisms?

A

From birth

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2
Q

Are microorganisms considered to be benign or malignant?

A

Benign

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3
Q

Why are microorganism considered benign?

A

Few contribute to health and fewer pose direct threats to health

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4
Q

What do microorganism normally associate with in humans?

A

Human body tissue

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5
Q

Do most microorganism cause diseases?

A

No

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6
Q

What are the few diseases caused by microorganisms?

A
  • Viruses (Influenze, Lassa fever, AIDS)
  • Bacteria (Diptheria, TB, anthrax)
  • Fungi (Candidiasis)
  • Protozoa (Malaria, sleeping sickness)
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7
Q

Define microbial pathogenicity:

A

The biochemical mechanisms whereby microorganisms cause diseases

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8
Q

Do have an equal or unequal probability of causing infections and disease?

A

Unequal

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9
Q

Define infection:

A

Successful persistence or multiplication of a pathogen on or within the host

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10
Q

Define disease:

A

An interaction which causes significant overt damage to the host

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11
Q

Define pathogenicity:

A

The way in which a microorganisms causes disease

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12
Q

Define virulence:

A

Relative term e.g. one pathogen vs another

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13
Q

Do different microorganisms have the same or different pathogenic potentials (virulence)?

A

Different

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14
Q

What are examples of low virulence?

A

Common cold, salmonella food poisoning, candidiasis, Pneumocystis crania pneumonia

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15
Q

What are examples of high virulence?

A

Malaria, anthrax, plague and Lassa fever

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16
Q

What factors affect the severity of a microorganism disease?

A
  • Host
  • Immunological status
  • Physiological status
  • Genetic makeup
  • Route of infection (inhalation, skin, ingestion)
  • Dose (high, low)
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17
Q

What can an infectious dose/lethal dose graph measure?

A

Virulence

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18
Q

How do you find the virulence from an infectious dose/lethal dose graph?

A

Look at quantity when 50% infected

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19
Q

On an infectious dose/lethal dose graph does a lose dose mean in terms of virulence?

A

High virulence

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20
Q

What is the infectious dose of Bacillus anthracis?

A

10,000

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21
Q

What is the infectious dose of Vibrio cholerae?

A

10^6

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22
Q

What is the infectious dose of Salmonella enterica?

A

10^9

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23
Q

What is the infectious dose of Campylobacter jejuni?

A

800

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24
Q

What is the infectious dose of Francisella tularensis?

A

10

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25
Q

What is the infectious dose of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

50

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26
Q

What is the route of infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Inhalation

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27
Q

What is the route of infection of Francisella tularensis?

A

Insect bite

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28
Q

What is the route of infection of Campylobacter jejuni?

A

Ingested in food

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29
Q

What is the route of infection of Salmonella enterica?

A

Ingested in food

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30
Q

What is the route of infection of Vibrio cholerae?

A

Ingested in water

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31
Q

What is the route of infection of Bacillus anthracis?

A

Inhalation

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32
Q

How does a pathogen need to do in order to cause a disease?

A
  • Colonise host tissues
  • Grow within host tissue
  • Avoid host defence mechanisms
  • Cause damage to the host
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33
Q

How do pathogens damage the host?

A

Via 2 principal mechanisms

  • Produce effectors which damage host tissue
  • Evoke profound immune responses which cause damage
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34
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

Toxins as effectors

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35
Q

What do neurotoxins cause?

A

Paralysis

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36
Q

What do enterotoxins cause?

A

Sickness and diarrhoea

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37
Q

What do cytotoxins cause?

A

Cell death

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38
Q

What toxin does Diphtheria produce?

A

Diphtheria toxin

39
Q

What toxin does Anthrax produce?

A

Anthrax toxin

40
Q

What toxin does Cholera produce?

A

Cholera toxin

41
Q

What toxin does Gangrene produce?

A

Alpha toxin

42
Q

What toxin does Tetanus produce?

A

Tetanus toxin

43
Q

What are the types of mode of actions of toxins?

A
  • AB toxins

- Cytolytic toxins

44
Q

What is the mode of action of AB toxins?

A
  • B portion binds to cell and facilitates translocation

- A portion which possesses catalytic activity

45
Q

What is the mode of action of cytolytic toxins?

A

Damage cytoplasmic membrane

46
Q

What are endotoxin?

A

Pryogen

47
Q

What is another name for endotoxin?

A

LPS

48
Q

What do endotoxins causes?

A

Production of cytokines from immune cells upon binding to cell surface receptors

49
Q

What are the two immune systems?

A
  • Innate immunity

- Adaptive immunity

50
Q

What is innate immunity?

A
  • Non-specific
  • General
  • Immediate response
  • No immunological memory
51
Q

What is the adaptive immunity?

A
  • Specific to antigen
  • Lag time from exposure to response
  • Immunological memory after exposure
52
Q

What is involved in a humoral innate immunity?

A
  • Complement
  • Enzymes
  • Cytokines
53
Q

What is involved in cellular innate immunity?

A

Phagocytes
Natural killer cells
Patter recognition receptors

54
Q

What is involved in humoral adaptive immunity?

A

Antibodies

Cytokines

55
Q

What is involved in cellular adaptive immunity?

A

T cells

B cells

56
Q

What cells are derived from bone marrow stem cells?

A
  • Myeloid precursor

- Lymphoid precursor

57
Q

What cells are derived from myeloid precursors?

A

Monocytes
Neutrophil
Mast cells

58
Q

What cells are derived from monocyte?

A

Dendritic cells

Macrophages

59
Q

What cell is derived from lymphoid precursor by thymus maturation?

A

T cell

60
Q

What cell is derived from lymphoid precursor by bone marrow maturation?

A

B cells

61
Q

What cell is derived from B cells?

A

Plasma cells

62
Q

What does PAMP stand for/

A

Pathogen associated molecular patter

63
Q

What does PRR stand for

A

Pattern recognition receptor

64
Q

Describe an antibodies?

A

Made of 4 polypeptide chains with variable and constant regions

65
Q

What immunity is antibodies involved in?

A

Adaptive immunity

66
Q

What are the different classes of antibodies?

A
  • IgM
  • IgG
  • IgE
  • IgD
  • IgA
67
Q

What do antibodies recognises?

A

Foreign antigens on cell surface of pathogens

68
Q

What is specificity in terms of immune response?

A

Immune cells have surface reports that interact with individual antigens

69
Q

What is memory in terms of immune response?

A
  • First antigen induces multiplication of antigen-reactive cells
  • More of exposure to same antigen = faster and strong immune response
70
Q

What is the result of an immune response?

A

antigen preexposure triggers a much stronger secondary response

71
Q

What are T cells required for?

A

Protection against intracellular pathogens

72
Q

Why are antibodies required?

A

Protection against toxins and extracellular bacteria

73
Q

What does introduction of pathogen antigen cause?

A

Weak primary response but after second antigen exposure the secondary response is much stronger

74
Q

What is key of vaccinations?

A

To introduce a non active toxin or an attenuated strain

75
Q

What are the two types of T cells?

A
  • T helper cell

- T cytotoxic cell

76
Q

Is CD4 T helper cell or T cytotoxic cell?

A

T helper cell

77
Q

Is CD8 T helper cell or T cytotoxic cell?

A

T cytotoxic cell

78
Q

What complex does CD4 form?

A

Tri-molecular complex

79
Q

How do CD4 cells work?

A
  • Presents forge in antigen to macrophage
  • Causes release of cytokines, TNF-a, GM-C5F, IFN-y
  • Cytokine release
  • Increases phagocytosis of all pathogens; inflammation
80
Q

How do CD8 cells work?

A

Binds to antigen on target cell
Release of granules
Cell death by apoptosis

81
Q

What are different types of vaccines?

A
  • Toxoid vaccines
  • Live, attenuated vaccines
  • Inactivated vaccines
  • Subunit vaccines
  • Conjugate vaccines
  • DNA vaccines
  • Recombinant vector vaccines
82
Q

What is the toxin vaccine?

A

Toxin which have been inactivated by heat or by from aldehyde which cross links the protein side chain

83
Q

What is the live, attenuated vaccine?

A

Contains live strain of microorganisms

84
Q

What is the subunit vaccine?

A

RNA encoding spike protein delivered in a lipid molecule

85
Q

What is an inactivated vaccine?

A

Contains an inactive strain of whole microorganism or bacteria

86
Q

What is the conjugated vaccine?

A

Works against the o antigen polysaccharide

87
Q

What is the DNA vaccine?

A

Inject DNA and host cell replicated and makes antigen in situ

88
Q

How many antigens can a subunit vaccine contain?

A

1 to 20 or more antigen

89
Q

How do you make a subunit vaccine simply?

A

Pathogen can be grown and then use chemicals to break it apart and gather important antigens
Antigen molecules from the pathogen can be used using recombinant DNA technology

90
Q

What is foreign DNA uses tagged with to facilitate purification of recombinant antigen?

A

Gene encoding a tag

91
Q

How do conjugate vaccines work?

A
  1. Pneumococcal polysaccharide linked to diphtheria taxied binds to B cell with anti-polysaccharide antibody
  2. Conjugate antigen is taken in and digested by the B cell
  3. Polysaccharides cannot be presented to the Th2 cells by B cells. Peptides from the toxoid are efficiently presented by the B cell to the Th2 cells
  4. Interaction with the toxoid peptide presented by the B cell activates the Th2 cell
  5. Activated Th2 cell makes cytokines that drive the B cell to make plasma cells
  6. Plasma cells make antibodies to pneumococcal polysaccharide. The antibodies bind to the capsule and neutralise or opsonise the pathogen
92
Q

What is the problem with live attenuated vaccines?

A

Identifying which genes to knockout if no obvious virulence factors

93
Q

How do we knockout genes?

A

By homologous recombination

94
Q

How do we knockout genes by homologous recombination?

A
  • Gene X disrupted by slotting another gene
  • Gene X cloned in to plasmid
  • Introduce a middle antibiotic resistance cassette
  • Take out interrupted gene and introduce bacteria

BIO1337 - Microbiology (18 decks)

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