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BIO1337 - Microbiology > Bacterial Growth and Metabolic Pathway > Flashcards

Bacterial Growth and Metabolic Pathway Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cell division does a rod-shaped bacteria undergo?

A

Binary fission

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2
Q

Describe binary fission in a rod-shaped bacteria:

A
  1. Cell elongation
  2. Septum formation
  3. Completion of septum; formation of walls; cell separation
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3
Q

Give examples of rod-shaped bacteria that undergo binary fission:

A
  • Escherichia coli
  • Salmonella typhi
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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4
Q

How can cell division differ in bacterial growth?

A

Different morphological forms

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5
Q

What are the two different morphological forms of cell division?

A
  1. Equal products of cell division

2. Unequal products are so division

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6
Q

Is binary fission an unequal product of cell division or an equal product of cell division?

A

Equal products of cell division

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7
Q

What are four types of unequal products of cell division?

A
  1. Simple budding
  2. Budding from hymphae
  3. Cell division of stalked organisms
  4. Polar growth without differentiation of cell size
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8
Q

What are the three main players that facilitate bacterial growth at a cellular level?

A

MreB
FtsZ
Min system

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9
Q

What is MreB?

A

Actin homologue - bacterial cytoskeleton protein

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10
Q

How does MreB facilitate bacterial growth?

A

Elongation growth by incorporation of new cell wall material along longitudinal axis

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11
Q

What is FtsZ?

A

Tubulin homologue - cytokinesis ring

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12
Q

How does FtsZ facilitate bacterial growth?

A

Fundamental element of septum formation, septum contraction and cell division

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13
Q

What is min system (MinC)?

A

Midcell selection

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14
Q

How does MinC facilitate bacterial growth?

A

Robust positioning of FtsZ at midcill and only midcill over the lifetime of each cell

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15
Q

Fill in the gap:

MreB, FtsZ and MinC are highly …… inside the cell

A

Dynamic

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16
Q

What is the motion of MreB directly coupled to?

A

Wall synthesis

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17
Q

How does bacterial growth differ with different bacterial species?

A
  • Different shapes
  • So different versions of cell division proteins
  • and different cell wall-synthesising machines
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18
Q

What factors determine culture growth?

A
  • Availability of nutrients
  • Presence or absence of oxygen
  • Temperature
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19
Q

How can we describe the growth of bacteria in one generations time?

A
  • mass and cell number doubles

- exponential growth

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20
Q

What are the four phases of bacterial growth phases?

A
  • Lag phase
  • Exponential phase
  • Stationary phase
  • Death phase
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21
Q

What is an anoxic zone?

A

Lack of oxygen

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22
Q

What is an oxic zone?

A

Oxygen present and dissociates in liquids

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23
Q

What is the limitation of microorganisms that like to grow in low oxygen conditions?

A

Difficult to grow in lab due to sensitivity to oxygen

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24
Q

What is one of the most important factors of culture growth of bacteria?

A

Temperature

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25
Q

What can occur to growth of bacteria in a minimum temperature?

A

Membrane gelling; transport processes so slow that growth cannot occur

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26
Q

What can occur to growth of bacteria in optimum temperature?

A

Enzymatic reactions occurring at maximum possible rate

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27
Q

What can occur to growth of bacteria in maximum temperature?

A

Protein denaturation; collapse of cytoplasmic membrane; thermal lysis

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28
Q

Do all bacteria like the same temperature?

A

No, each species have their own optimum temperature

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29
Q

What are the three different sources of metabolic diversity?

A
  • Energy source
  • electron source
  • carbon source
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30
Q

What are the two subtypes of energy sources?

A
  • Phototrophs

- Chemotrophs

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31
Q

What is phototrophs?

A

Light

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32
Q

What is chemotrophs?

A

Oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds

33
Q

What are the two subtypes of electron sources?

A
  • Lithotrophs

- Organotrophs

34
Q

What is lithotrophs?

A

Reduced inorganic molecules

35
Q

What is organotrophs?

A

Organic molecules

36
Q

What are the twosubtypes of carbon sources?

A
  • Autotrophs

- Heterotrophs

37
Q

What is autotrophs?

A

CO2 sole or principle biosynthetic carbon source

38
Q

What is heterotrophs?

A

Reduced, preformed, organic molecules from other organisms

39
Q

What are the 5 major nutritional classes?

A
  • Photolithoautotroph
  • Photoorganoheterotroph
  • Chemolithoautotroph
  • Chemolithoheterotroph
  • Chemoorganoheterotroph
40
Q

What is the carbon source of Photolithoautotroph?

A

Co2

41
Q

What is the energy source of Photolithoautotroph?

A

Light

42
Q

What is the electron source of Photolithoautotroph?

A

Inorganic e- donor

43
Q

What is the carbon source of Photoorganoheterotroph?

A

Organic carbon

44
Q

What is the energy source of Photoorganoheterotroph?

A

Light

45
Q

What is the electron source of Photoorganoheterotroph?

A

Organic e- donor

46
Q

What is the carbon source of Chemolithoautotroph?

A

CO2

47
Q

What is the energy source of Chemolithoautotroph?

A

Inorganic chemicals

48
Q

What is the electron source of Chemolithoautotroph?

A

Inorganic e- donor

49
Q

What is the carbon source of Chemolithoheterotroph?

A

Organic carbon

50
Q

What is the energy source of Chemolithoheterotroph?

A

Inorganic chemicals

51
Q

What is the electron source of Chemolithoheterotroph?

A

Inorganic e- donor

52
Q

What is the carbon source of Chemoorganoheterotroph?

A

Organic carbon

53
Q

What is the energy source of Chemoorganoheterotroph?

A

Organic chemicals

54
Q

What is the electron source of Chemoorganoheterotroph?

A

Organic e- donor

55
Q

What is the carbon source for heterotrophs?

A

Organic carbon

56
Q

Describe glycolysis (simply):

A
  1. Remove electrons from organic carbon and adds those to NAD, making NADH
  2. Produces 2 molecules ATP
  3. Geneterates pyruvate as a key molecule
57
Q

What must be present for pyruvate to be oxidative to CO2?

A

Oxygen

58
Q

What is the outcome of the citric acid cycle?

A

NADH

CO2

59
Q

What cycle is the most important for the production of NADH?

A

Citric acid cycle

60
Q

Why is a NADH important?

A

Electrons stored in NADH

61
Q

What is the next cycle after the citric acid cycle?

A

Electron transport chain

62
Q

What doe electrons in the electron transport chain reduce?

A

The terminal acceptor O2 to H2O

63
Q

How is the membrane energised in the electron transport chain?

A

Protons are pumping across the membrane to the outside

64
Q

What is the energy produced by the proton pump drive?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation through ATP synthase

65
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced during the electron transport chain?

A

36

66
Q

How do anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration?

A
  • Lack of oxygen

- Use of different terminal electron acceptors

67
Q

What are the different terminal acceptors in anaerobic respiration?

A

-SO4^2-, NO3^-, CO2, Fumarate etc

68
Q

What terminal acceptor is used in denitrification?

A

Nitrate

69
Q

What is the reduced product of the electron acceptor nitrate?

A

Nitrite

70
Q

When does termination occur?

A

If no oxygen as terminal electron acceptor

71
Q

What occurs during fermentation in relation to the terminal electron acceptor?

A

Organic compound is both electron donor and acceptor

72
Q

Is fermentation an efficient process?

A

No

73
Q

How many molecules of ATP is produced through fermentation?

A

2

74
Q

How is a NADH recycles?

A

Reducing pyruvate to lactate and other fermentation products

75
Q

What is the process of the reduction of pyruvate to lactate?

A

Homofermentative

76
Q

What is the process of reduction of pyruvate to mixed products?

A

Hetero-fermentative

77
Q

What are the final results in electron transfer to nitrate?

A

Nitric oxide, Nitrous oxide and dinitrogen

78
Q

What are the concerns of denitrification?

A
  • Nitric oxide = ozone depleting gase
  • Nitrous oxide = greenhouse gase
  • Human intervention aka fertilisers

BIO1337 - Microbiology (18 decks)

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