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BIO1337 - Microbiology > Structure of Bacteria > Flashcards

Structure of Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different cell morphology?

A
  • Coccus
  • Spirochete
  • Rod
  • Budding and appendages bacteria
  • Spirillum
  • Filamentous bacteria
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2
Q

What shape is coccus ?

A

Spherical shaped bacteria

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3
Q

What is an example of rod-shaped bacteria?

A

E.coli

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4
Q

What shape is spirillum bacteria?

A

Curved shaped bacteria

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5
Q

What shape is spirochete?

A

Cork screw shaped bacteria

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6
Q

How do measure cell size?

A

Surface area to volume ration

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7
Q

Does a larger S:V ratio have a faster or slower uptake of nutrients?

A

Faster

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8
Q

What does the cell wall of animal cells consist of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer, interspersed wit protein

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9
Q

What does the cell wall of plant cells consist of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer, mesh of cellulose surrounding it

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10
Q

What does the cell wall of bacterial cells consist of?

A

Gram-negative and Gram-positive both have phospholipid bilayer but differ in many ways

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11
Q

What is a cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer - 1 glycerol attached via 2 hydroxyl groups to 2 fatty acids

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12
Q

How do phospholipid differ in characteristics?

A

Different molecules attached to polar head of another hydroxyl on the glyceral

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13
Q

What adds strength to a cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Hopanoids

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14
Q

What are essential for mycoplasmas?

A

Sterols

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15
Q

Why are sterols essential for mycoplasma?

A

Strengthen cell wall in bacteria

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16
Q

What bond do bacteria and eukary have in the phospholipid bilayers?

A

Ester linkage

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17
Q

What bond do archaea have in phospholipid bilayer?

A

Ether linkage

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18
Q

Describe the phospholipid bilayer of an archaea:

A
  • Repeating units of isoprene
  • Linked to form phytanyl
  • 2 phytanyl can join at each other ends to form diglycerol tetraethers
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19
Q

What is better by having repeating units of isoprene in archaea than fatty acids in Bactria and eukary?

A

More robust
More stronger
Suit harsh conditions

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20
Q

What are peptidoglycan made up of?

A

N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetylmuramic acid
forms a tetra peptide

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21
Q

What are the N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid bonded together by?

A

Glycosiding bond at B1,4 linkage

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22
Q

How much does peptidoglycan make up of the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria?

A

90%

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23
Q

How much does peptidoglycan make up the cell wall in Gram-negative bacteria?

A

10%

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24
Q

What links the two tetrapeptides in a Gram-positive bacteria?

A

Pent-glycine bridge (DAP — d-Ala)

25
Q

What links the two tetrapeptides in a Gram-negative bacteria?

A

Covalently bonded

26
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

Mesh like layer which protects a bacteria cytoplasmic membrane

27
Q

What type of Gram has a second bilayer?

A

Gram-negative

28
Q

How is the second phospholipid bilayer in a gram-negative organised?

A

Asymmetrical

29
Q

What does the second phospholipid bilayer in a gram negative consist of?

A
  • O antigens
  • Interspaced with proteins, porins
  • Large polysaccharide components
30
Q

What are O antigens?

A

Carbohydrate structure:

O-polysaccharides, corepolysaccharides and lipid A

31
Q

Why do you phospholipid bilayer is have porins?

A

Allows transfer of molecules across a lipid bilayer

32
Q

How do you describe bacteria with O-antigens?

A

Smooth bacteria

33
Q

How do you describe bacteria without O-antigens?

A

Rough bacteria

34
Q

What is the structure of a Gram-positive bacteria?

A

Large peptidoglycan

Phospholipid bilayer

35
Q

What is the structure of a Gram-negative bacteria?

A

Small peptidoglycan

2x phospholipid bilayer

36
Q

Give three cell surface structures of bacteria:

A
  • Capsules
  • Fimbriae and pili
  • Flagellar
37
Q

Describe a capsules:

A
  • Can be polysaccharides or proteins

- role in pathogenesis and biofilm formation

38
Q

Describe fimbriae and pili:

A
  • proteinaceous, can be glycosylated
  • role in pathogenesis, biofilms and conjunction
  • Involved in twitching motility
39
Q

What can a pilus be used for?

A

Transferring DNA from one cell to another

40
Q

Describe a flagella:

A

Multimeric protein complex traversing both inner and outer membranes

41
Q

What are the different localisation of flagella?

A
  • Peritrichous
  • Polar
  • Lophotrichous
  • Amphitrichous
42
Q

How can bacteria move?

A

Using a flagella

43
Q

How many times per second is the flagella rotating?

A

100 rotations per second

44
Q

What is a reversible flagellum?

A

Flagellum can rotate in counterclockwise (Moves forwards) or clockwise (moves backwards)

45
Q

What occurs to the cell is a bacteria that has a bundle of flagellum rotating counterclockwise direction?

A

Cell moves forwards

46
Q

What happens if a bacteria has a bundle of flagellum which is rotating clockwise?

A

Bundle unravels and bacteria tumbles and turns – allows bacteria to move towards optimum environment

47
Q

What are the components of a flagellum?

A

Helical filament and basal body connected by a hook

48
Q

The hook in the flagellum is it flexible or constricted?

A

Flexible

49
Q

A flagellum has a MS ring where is it located?

A

Cytoplasmic reticulum

50
Q

A flagella has a C ring where is it located?

A

Cytoplasm

51
Q

What type of rings are present in a gram negative flagellum?

A

L and P ring

52
Q

What do L and P rings do you in gram negative flagellum?

A

Guide spinning rod through cell (do not spin)

53
Q

Why does a gram positive bacteria have no L and P rings in their flagellum?

A

Lack of outer membrane

54
Q

What is the role of Mot protein surrounded by an inner ring in the flagellum?

A

Anchors flagellum in cytoplasmic membrane

55
Q

What is the role of Fli protein in the flagellum?

A

Axis motor switch via reversing the direction of rotation of flagellum

56
Q

What are motors powered by?

A

Energy from protein gradient

57
Q

Where does the protein gradient that powers the motor exist across?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

58
Q

How does the proton gradient provide energy for the motor of a flagellum?

A
  • Proton concentration higher in periplasmic space than inside cell
  • electrons flow down electrochemical gradient
  • release energy as a flow
59
Q

What the movement turns MS and C rings and rod in flagellum?

A

The movement of protons

BIO1337 - Microbiology (18 decks)

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