Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO1337 - Microbiology > Biotechnology > Flashcards

Biotechnology Flashcards

(77 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are biotechnology and bioremediation applied to?

A

Real world processes and global issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did Lorenzo present?

A

Seven microbial bio-processes to help the planet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are Spodoptera littorals?

A

Cotton moths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are considered on of the most destructive pests in subtropical range?

A

Cotton moths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do cotton moths affect?

A

Agricultural - crops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where were there significant outbreaks in Europe of cotton moths?

A

Spain, Italy, Greece and Crete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where have cotton moths damaged?

A

Native to Africa, Middle East and Mediterranean countries of Europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are cotton moths Greenhouse pests of?

A

Tomato, pepper and melon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are biological controls of cotton moths?

A
  • Pre 1968 control using methyl pyrethroids = resistance emerged
  • Use of parasites and predators for slow release of pheromone formulation for mating disruptions used with limited success
  • Nuclear polyhedrosis virus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the development of nuclear polyhedrosiss virus:

A
  • Naturally discovered in 1937
  • Isolates and purified in 1977
  • Virus is specific to moth cotton without affecting beneficial insects
  • UK overseas development administration funded project to investigate the potential of purified NPV as practical control agent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an alternative nuclear polyhedrosis virus?

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is silage?

A

Fermented grass that is harvested from fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is silage produced?

A

By lactic acid fermentation of glucose and sucrose in grass/corn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can silage be used for?

A

Winter food for cattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does silage do?

A

Lower pH and reduces spoilage, better milk yields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are advantages of silage?

A

Nutritional advantages and reduce food stock looses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define bioremediation:

A

Use of biodegradation processes to detoxify or to remove pollutants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define biodegradation:

A

Naturally occurring degrading properties of microorganisms are used to break down compounds in the enviroment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How much petroleum and petroleum fractions introduced into the marine environment?

A

3.4 million tonnes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the main routes of petroleum into the marine environment?

A

Tanker spills, natural oil and tar seeps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are hydrogen contaminated drill cuttings removed from?

A

Oil platforms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where are hydrogen contaminated drill cuttings buried?

A

Landfils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is one of the most known petroleum?

A

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many tons of oily drill cuttings per life of a well?

A

700 tons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What remains really high when oily drill cuttings when brought to shore waste?
Saline
26
When have oil-based drilling fluids be used since?
1930s
27
What did drilling fluid originally formulate from?
Crude oil
28
What is being used to formulate drilling fluid?
Low toxicity mineral oil
29
Do drilling fluids readily degrade on the sea floor?
No
30
What phases do drilling fluids consist of?
Oil phase | Brine phase
31
Is dilution of the waste expensive?
Yes
32
Why are conventional microbial treatments are unsuitable?
High salinity of waste
33
What tolerates and grow in high saline?
Halophiles
34
What can halophiles withstand?
Metabolic burden with the drill cutting place on them
35
What can halophiles degrade?
Oil
36
Define halobacteria:
Red-pigmented externally halophilic Archaea
37
What is the most predominant organism found in hyper saline environment?
Halobacteria
38
How to enrich halophile environment?
- 1g sample added to Classical Halophile Medium - Growth used as selection criteria - Incubated before sub-culturing - Positive enrichments were offered drilling fluid as sole carbon source in Minimal Halobacterial Broth
39
What are Gyda oil fields?
Highly saline
40
What did original sample of Gyda oil contained?
Brine droplets
41
What are brine droplets originated from?
Formation water in the well
42
How were isolated obtained from Gyda oil?
Continuous sub-culturing from enrichments
43
When were aromatic compounds discovered?
19th Century
44
What do aromatic compounds smell like?
Sweet
45
What are a problem with aromatic compounds?
Very toxic | Cancerogenic
46
What are possible with aromatic compounds?
Huge range of chemical reactions and compounds possible
47
What are examples of aromatic compounds?
Benzene, vanillin, TNT, 2,4-D
48
What does 2,4-D do?
- Filters through soils, sediments into ground waters and the subsurface - Accumulation exceeding government limits and are toxic
49
What is the half-life of 2,4-D?
10 days
50
What was the usage of 2,4-D in US in 2017?
18 million tons
51
What is the basic 2,4-D degradation?
-2,4-D to -Succinic acid
52
What are released during 2,4-D degradation?
Chloride ion are released so they can be measured and used to be observe the half-life of 2,4-D
53
What is there a massive build up of at former production sites of WWI and II?
TNT
54
When did TNT production increase exponentially?
1940 and 1980
55
What does TNT enrich surfaces, sediments and seeping into ground water?
Hydrophilic intermediates
56
What can partially degrade TNT?
Bacteria i.e Pseudomonas strains
57
What can degrade TNT release?
Toxic intermediates
58
What are highly possible solutions for soil contamination with explosives?
Design bacterial consortia that consist of species that cross-feed each other TNT intermediated for further degradation and mineralisation
59
What can we engineer bacteria for biotechnology?
Bacterial cell factories
60
What can bacterial cell factories be used for?
Design of microbes to produce or degrade complex organic chemicals
61
What are said about Pseudomonas putida?
Can-do-it-all
62
What is Pseudomonas putida?
Soil-dwelling, non pathogenic bacterium
63
What is the function of Pseudomonas putida?
Have the ability to naturally degrade a host of aromatic compounds such as toluene
64
Does Pseudomonas putida have a large or small genome?
Large genome
65
What is Pseudomonas putida rich in?
Secondary metabolism
66
What is Pseudomonas putida resistant to?
Oxidative stress
67
Does Pseudomonas putida have a low or high NADH turnover?
High
68
Why does Pseudomonas putida have a high NADH turnover?
Instead of going towards pyruvate, a part of GA3P is recycled back into hexoses - Clamping the exit from the cycle using repressor - By measuring flush through cycle using actuator
69
What is metabolic funnelling?
Convert complex molecules to intermediates and precursors that the cell can use in central metabolism
70
What does metabolic funnelling connect?
Upper metabolic pathway of aromatic compounds to central metabolism
71
What are the steps in integrated synthetic biology and biotechnology?
Step 1: Know the pollutant, find and know the pathway Step 2: Select and know the host Step 3: Build and optima the pathway in the host context
72
Describe Step 1: Know the pollutant, find and know the pathway of integrated synthetic biology and biotechnology:
- Determine contaminate and find catabolic pathway - Determine properties of pathway building blocks - Detect and quantify pathway building blocks
73
Describe Step 2: Select and know the host of integrated synthetic biology and biotechnology:
- Chose between environmental strain, laboratory chassis or consortium - Acquire genomic sequence and genome-scale metabolic model - Decipher factors responsible for host cell benefits
74
Describe Step 3: Build and optima the pathway in the host context of integrated synthetic biology and biotechnology:
- Experimental tools | - Computational tools
75
Describe the experiment tools of Step 3: Build and optima the pathway in the host context?
- Knockout, up or downregulate endogenous or exogenous genes - Balance expression of target gene - Improve performance of enzymes
76
Describe the computational tools of Step 3: Build and optima the pathway in the host context?
- Predict fluxes in genomic context of host, find bottleneck - Simulate pathway of dynamic and balance expression of target genes - Improve enzyme performance
77
What is restoring of global cycles using synthetic biology and biotechnology?
Recoupling Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus cycles so homeostatic and balanced

BIO1337 - Microbiology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions