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BIO1337 - Microbiology > Biotechnology > Flashcards

Biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

What are biotechnology and bioremediation applied to?

A

Real world processes and global issues

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2
Q

What did Lorenzo present?

A

Seven microbial bio-processes to help the planet

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3
Q

What are Spodoptera littorals?

A

Cotton moths

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4
Q

What are considered on of the most destructive pests in subtropical range?

A

Cotton moths

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5
Q

What do cotton moths affect?

A

Agricultural - crops

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6
Q

Where were there significant outbreaks in Europe of cotton moths?

A

Spain, Italy, Greece and Crete

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7
Q

Where have cotton moths damaged?

A

Native to Africa, Middle East and Mediterranean countries of Europe

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8
Q

What are cotton moths Greenhouse pests of?

A

Tomato, pepper and melon

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9
Q

What are biological controls of cotton moths?

A
  • Pre 1968 control using methyl pyrethroids = resistance emerged
  • Use of parasites and predators for slow release of pheromone formulation for mating disruptions used with limited success
  • Nuclear polyhedrosis virus
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10
Q

Describe the development of nuclear polyhedrosiss virus:

A
  • Naturally discovered in 1937
  • Isolates and purified in 1977
  • Virus is specific to moth cotton without affecting beneficial insects
  • UK overseas development administration funded project to investigate the potential of purified NPV as practical control agent
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11
Q

What is an alternative nuclear polyhedrosis virus?

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

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12
Q

What is silage?

A

Fermented grass that is harvested from fields

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13
Q

How is silage produced?

A

By lactic acid fermentation of glucose and sucrose in grass/corn

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14
Q

What can silage be used for?

A

Winter food for cattle

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15
Q

What does silage do?

A

Lower pH and reduces spoilage, better milk yields

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16
Q

What are advantages of silage?

A

Nutritional advantages and reduce food stock looses

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17
Q

Define bioremediation:

A

Use of biodegradation processes to detoxify or to remove pollutants

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18
Q

Define biodegradation:

A

Naturally occurring degrading properties of microorganisms are used to break down compounds in the enviroment

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19
Q

How much petroleum and petroleum fractions introduced into the marine environment?

A

3.4 million tonnes

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20
Q

What are the main routes of petroleum into the marine environment?

A

Tanker spills, natural oil and tar seeps

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21
Q

Where are hydrogen contaminated drill cuttings removed from?

A

Oil platforms

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22
Q

Where are hydrogen contaminated drill cuttings buried?

A

Landfils

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23
Q

What is one of the most known petroleum?

A

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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24
Q

How many tons of oily drill cuttings per life of a well?

A

700 tons

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25
Q

What remains really high when oily drill cuttings when brought to shore waste?

A

Saline

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26
Q

When have oil-based drilling fluids be used since?

A

1930s

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27
Q

What did drilling fluid originally formulate from?

A

Crude oil

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28
Q

What is being used to formulate drilling fluid?

A

Low toxicity mineral oil

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29
Q

Do drilling fluids readily degrade on the sea floor?

A

No

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30
Q

What phases do drilling fluids consist of?

A

Oil phase

Brine phase

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31
Q

Is dilution of the waste expensive?

A

Yes

32
Q

Why are conventional microbial treatments are unsuitable?

A

High salinity of waste

33
Q

What tolerates and grow in high saline?

A

Halophiles

34
Q

What can halophiles withstand?

A

Metabolic burden with the drill cutting place on them

35
Q

What can halophiles degrade?

A

Oil

36
Q

Define halobacteria:

A

Red-pigmented externally halophilic Archaea

37
Q

What is the most predominant organism found in hyper saline environment?

A

Halobacteria

38
Q

How to enrich halophile environment?

A
  • 1g sample added to Classical Halophile Medium
  • Growth used as selection criteria
  • Incubated before sub-culturing
  • Positive enrichments were offered drilling fluid as sole carbon source in Minimal Halobacterial Broth
39
Q

What are Gyda oil fields?

A

Highly saline

40
Q

What did original sample of Gyda oil contained?

A

Brine droplets

41
Q

What are brine droplets originated from?

A

Formation water in the well

42
Q

How were isolated obtained from Gyda oil?

A

Continuous sub-culturing from enrichments

43
Q

When were aromatic compounds discovered?

A

19th Century

44
Q

What do aromatic compounds smell like?

A

Sweet

45
Q

What are a problem with aromatic compounds?

A

Very toxic

Cancerogenic

46
Q

What are possible with aromatic compounds?

A

Huge range of chemical reactions and compounds possible

47
Q

What are examples of aromatic compounds?

A

Benzene, vanillin, TNT, 2,4-D

48
Q

What does 2,4-D do?

A
  • Filters through soils, sediments into ground waters and the subsurface
  • Accumulation exceeding government limits and are toxic
49
Q

What is the half-life of 2,4-D?

A

10 days

50
Q

What was the usage of 2,4-D in US in 2017?

A

18 million tons

51
Q

What is the basic 2,4-D degradation?

A

-2,4-D
to
-Succinic acid

52
Q

What are released during 2,4-D degradation?

A

Chloride ion are released so they can be measured and used to be observe the half-life of 2,4-D

53
Q

What is there a massive build up of at former production sites of WWI and II?

A

TNT

54
Q

When did TNT production increase exponentially?

A

1940 and 1980

55
Q

What does TNT enrich surfaces, sediments and seeping into ground water?

A

Hydrophilic intermediates

56
Q

What can partially degrade TNT?

A

Bacteria i.e Pseudomonas strains

57
Q

What can degrade TNT release?

A

Toxic intermediates

58
Q

What are highly possible solutions for soil contamination with explosives?

A

Design bacterial consortia that consist of species that cross-feed each other TNT intermediated for further degradation and mineralisation

59
Q

What can we engineer bacteria for biotechnology?

A

Bacterial cell factories

60
Q

What can bacterial cell factories be used for?

A

Design of microbes to produce or degrade complex organic chemicals

61
Q

What are said about Pseudomonas putida?

A

Can-do-it-all

62
Q

What is Pseudomonas putida?

A

Soil-dwelling, non pathogenic bacterium

63
Q

What is the function of Pseudomonas putida?

A

Have the ability to naturally degrade a host of aromatic compounds such as toluene

64
Q

Does Pseudomonas putida have a large or small genome?

A

Large genome

65
Q

What is Pseudomonas putida rich in?

A

Secondary metabolism

66
Q

What is Pseudomonas putida resistant to?

A

Oxidative stress

67
Q

Does Pseudomonas putida have a low or high NADH turnover?

A

High

68
Q

Why does Pseudomonas putida have a high NADH turnover?

A

Instead of going towards pyruvate, a part of GA3P is recycled back into hexoses

  • Clamping the exit from the cycle using repressor
  • By measuring flush through cycle using actuator
69
Q

What is metabolic funnelling?

A

Convert complex molecules to intermediates and precursors that the cell can use in central metabolism

70
Q

What does metabolic funnelling connect?

A

Upper metabolic pathway of aromatic compounds to central metabolism

71
Q

What are the steps in integrated synthetic biology and biotechnology?

A

Step 1: Know the pollutant, find and know the pathway
Step 2: Select and know the host
Step 3: Build and optima the pathway in the host context

72
Q

Describe Step 1: Know the pollutant, find and know the pathway of integrated synthetic biology and biotechnology:

A
  • Determine contaminate and find catabolic pathway
  • Determine properties of pathway building blocks
  • Detect and quantify pathway building blocks
73
Q

Describe Step 2: Select and know the host of integrated synthetic biology and biotechnology:

A
  • Chose between environmental strain, laboratory chassis or consortium
  • Acquire genomic sequence and genome-scale metabolic model
  • Decipher factors responsible for host cell benefits
74
Q

Describe Step 3: Build and optima the pathway in the host context of integrated synthetic biology and biotechnology:

A
  • Experimental tools

- Computational tools

75
Q

Describe the experiment tools of Step 3: Build and optima the pathway in the host context?

A
  • Knockout, up or downregulate endogenous or exogenous genes
  • Balance expression of target gene
  • Improve performance of enzymes
76
Q

Describe the computational tools of Step 3: Build and optima the pathway in the host context?

A
  • Predict fluxes in genomic context of host, find bottleneck
  • Simulate pathway of dynamic and balance expression of target genes
  • Improve enzyme performance
77
Q

What is restoring of global cycles using synthetic biology and biotechnology?

A

Recoupling Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus cycles so homeostatic and balanced

BIO1337 - Microbiology (18 decks)

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