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BIO1337 - Microbiology > Microbial Evolution > Flashcards

Microbial Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What does evolution by natural selection lead to?

A

decent with modification

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2
Q

What is the tree of life?

A

Logical extension of the idea of decent with modification

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3
Q

What are all organisms ultimately related to?

A

Each other

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4
Q

What can trees help our understanding of?

A

Processes like extinction, speciation and relationship between species

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5
Q

How were prokaryotes classified on before 1962?

A
  • Biochemistry
  • Morphology
  • Metabolism
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6
Q

Is it bacteria or eukaryotes that have circular chromosomes?

A

Bacteria

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7
Q

Is it bacteria or eukaryotes that have linear chromosomes wrapped around in histones?

A

Eukaryotes

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8
Q

What type of cell wall do bacteria have?

A

Petidoglycan cell wall

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9
Q

What cell walls can eukaryotes have?

A

-Chitin
and/or
-Cellulose

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10
Q

Is it bacteria or eukaryotes which has DNA free within the cell?

A

Bacteria

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11
Q

Where is DNA within in eukaryotes?

A

Nucleus, mitochondria and sometimes plasmids

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12
Q

Is it bacteria or eukaryotes that have sub cellular compartments?

A

Eukaryotes

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13
Q

Is it bacteria or eukaryotes that have larger ribosomes?

A

Eukaryotes

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14
Q

Is it bacteria or eukaryotes that have no cytoskeleton?

A

Bacteria

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15
Q

How do we calculate a universal tree of life?

A
  • DNA sequence information (quantitative data)
  • Universal gene present in all life
  • Mixture of evolutionary rates to determine relationships between closest and distantly related forms
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16
Q

How is the universal tree measures?

A

Quantitative measure of relatedness

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17
Q

What are present in all species?

A

Ribosomes and ribosomal RNA

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18
Q

What rRNA is used to measure relatedness between species for the tree of life?

A

16s rRNA

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19
Q

This is 16s rRNA used for comparison of species relatedness?

A

Large enough and sufficiently diverse to get good quantitative data

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20
Q

How do we carry out 16s rRNA fingerprinting?

A
  • Incubate bacteria with radioactive phosphate (P32)
  • Extract rRNA
  • Cut with enzyme (T1 ribonuclease) into fragments
  • Separate the fragments
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21
Q

Why does the resulting garments size differ between species in 16s rRNA fingerprinting?

A

-rRNA sequences differs as abundance of recognition sites of the enzyme might change

22
Q

What are the three domains of the tree of life?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eucarya
23
Q

Is archaea bacteria?

A

No

24
Q

Do archaea share common ancestors with bacteria or eucarya?

A

Eucarya

25
Q

Does archaea have circular or linear chromosomes?

A

Circular

26
Q

Is archaea chromosomes associated with histones?

A

Yes

27
Q

Does archaea have peptidoglycan?

A

No

28
Q

Does archaea have chitin?

A

No

29
Q

Does archaea have cellulose cell wall?

A

No

30
Q

Does archaea have DNA in closed or free in the cell?

A

Free

31
Q

Does archaea have sub cellular compartments?

A

No

32
Q

How are bacteria and eukaryotes membrane phospholipids linked?

A

Ester

33
Q

Which domain has ether linked membrane phospholipids?

A

Archaea

34
Q

Is it always useful to use rRNA to characterise bacterial species?

A

No, as the sequence diversity can be much larger than other organisms

35
Q

What occurs at horizontal gene transfer?

A

Gene loss

36
Q

What is core genome?

A

Share by all members

37
Q

What is pan genome?

A

Sum of all genes presents

38
Q

What does horizontal gene transfer expand on core or pan genome?

A

Core genome

39
Q

What is genome is nice-specific?

A

Pan genomes

40
Q

What is the ring of life hypothesis?

A

whole genome comparison reveals arrangement of the tree can change depending on how we analyse the data

41
Q

What is happening to the evens across the tree according to the ring of life hypothesis?

A
  • Horizontal gene transfer

- Genome fusion

42
Q

How proposed the ring of life hypothesis and when?

A

Rivera and Lake 2004

43
Q

What is the endosymbiont hypothesis?

A
  1. a cell engulfs another cell so the host cell and internalise cell form an interaction
  2. Drive evolution of organelles
  3. Underlies the evolution of complex life
44
Q

Wha is do independent endosymbiotic events lead a formation of?

A
  1. Mitochodria

2. Plastids

45
Q

What is an example fo endosymbiosis?

A

After split from archaea, eukaryotes contained mitochondria

46
Q

What is the hydrogen hypothesis - sun biogenesis?

A

Endosymbiosis of H2 producing bacteria and H2 consuming, methanogenic archaea

47
Q

What are the evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from bacteria?

A
  1. Reduced genomes
  2. Small, bacteria-like ribosomes and 16S rRNA
  3. Double membrane suggesting Gram-negative origin of mitochondria (rRNA similarity to alphaproteobacteria)
  4. rRNA similarity of chloroplasts (similarity to cyanobacteria
  5. Circular chromosomes
48
Q

What is secondary endosymbiosis?

A

Evolving multiple times independently

49
Q

What are lokiarcheota?

A

30% completely unknown proteins
26% bacterial
29% archaea
3% eukaryotic proteins

50
Q

What are eukaryotic signature proteins?

A
  • Eukaryotic-like actin
  • Many small GTPase
  • Endosomal sorting complex required for transport
  • Membrane deformation and phagocytosis-associated ESPs
  • Ubiquitin
51
Q

What does Loki and Asgard archaea do to the tree of life?

A

Reshuffle it

52
Q

Does endosymbiosis increase or decrease species diversity?

A

Increase species diversity

BIO1337 - Microbiology (18 decks)

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