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BIO1337 - Microbiology > Trypanosomes - Disease Protists > Flashcards

Trypanosomes - Disease Protists Flashcards

1
Q

What do contemporary protists form?

A

Paraphyletic group

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2
Q

Why do contemporary protists form paraphyletic group?

A

Doesn’t form a neat branch of closely related organisms

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3
Q

What do Apicocomplexa cause?

A

Malaria, crypto, toxoplasmosis

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4
Q

What do Entomoeba infection cause?

A

Amoebiasis

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5
Q

What are excavates?

A

Ancient group diverged just after emergence of eukaryotes

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6
Q

What are examples of excavates?

A

Parabasilids

Diplomonads

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7
Q

What are kinetoplastids?

A

Mitochondria contains kinetoplast

Single flagellum attached to membrane

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8
Q

What are kinetoplast?

A

A network of circular DNA inside a large mitochondrion that contains many copies of mitochondrial genomes

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9
Q

Where do Trypanosomes live in?

A

Vertebrate blood

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10
Q

What is the structure of Trypanosomes?

A

Mitochondria contains kinetoplast

Single flagellum attached to membrane

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11
Q

What is Trypanosomes?

A

Vector-borne parasites

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12
Q

What are the hosts of Trypanosomes?

A

All vertebrates clases

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13
Q

What are the vectors of Trypanosomes?

A

Arthropod and leech vectors

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14
Q

What are different types of pathogenic kinoplastids?

A

Leishmania
Trypanosoma bruci
Trypanosoma cruzi

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15
Q

What disease does Trypanosoma cruzi cause?

A

Chagas Disease

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16
Q

How many people are infected with Chagas disease?

A

8 million people

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17
Q

How many people are infected with Chagas disease in USA?

A

300,000

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18
Q

What are the vector for Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Triatomine bugs

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19
Q

What is the distribution of Chagas Disease?

A
  • Different species of vector locally important cross distribution
  • Basic form has common form of lifecycle
  • Different stains are associated with particular forms of pathogenicity
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20
Q

What are different forms of pathogenicity of different strains of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Actue form

Chronic form

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21
Q

What subspecies of Trypanosomes infect humans in South and Central America?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi cruzi

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22
Q

What are the subspecies of Trypanosomes that are morphologically identical to another form infecting bats and other bats?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei

Trypanosome dionisii

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23
Q

What are key life stages of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Trypomastigot
Amastigote
Epimastigote

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24
Q

What is trypomastigote found?

A

Found in bloodstream of infected vertebrates

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25
Q

What is amastigote found?

A

Intracellular dividing form in the cytoplasm of vertebrate cells

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26
Q

Where is epimastigote found?

A

Found in insect vector

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27
Q

What is life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A
  1. Triatomia bug takes blood meal
  2. Pass metacyclic trypomastigotes in faeces
  3. Trypomastigote enters bite wound or mucosal membrane
  4. Metacyclic trypomastigote penetrate various cells at bit wound site
  5. Inside cell transform to amastigotes
  6. Amastigote multiply by binary fission
  7. Intracellular amastigote transform into trypomastigote then burst out of cell into bloodstream
  8. Trypomastigote can infect other cells and repeat by cycle
  9. Triatomine bug takes a blood meal
  10. Epimastigote in midgut
  11. Multiply in midgut
  12. Metacyclic trypomastigotes in hindgut
28
Q

How does Trypanosome cruzi invade host?

A

Via feeding wound or mucosa

29
Q

What do Trypanosome cruzi infect?

A

Muscle, nerves and macrophages

30
Q

Where does the host localise in Trypanosome cruzi?

A

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Autonomic nerves
Macrophages

31
Q

What is the immune evasion of Trypanosome cruzi?

A
  • Intracellular multiplication (T cells)

- Can grow within macrophages

32
Q

How can Trypanosome cruzi grow within macrophages?

A
  • Enter cell via the phagocytic vacuole
  • Quickly escape the vacuole and move into the cytoplasm
  • Safe from destructive enzymic activity
33
Q

What is the pathology I of chagas disease?

A

Acute phase

34
Q

What is the acute phase of chagas disease?

A
  • Trypanosomes first infect mucous membranes then enter bloodstream
  • Symptoms: fever, fatigue, body aches, headache and rash
  • Serious in children and immunocompromised adults
35
Q

How long does acute phase last?

A

8-12 weeks

36
Q

What is the pathology II of chagas disease?

A

Chronic phase

37
Q

What is the chronic phase of chagas disease?

A

-Very low levels in blood
-No symptoms for 10 years
-Survive in cytoplasm of macrophages and muscle cells epithelial cells and neurones
Intestinal lesions

38
Q

What is intestinal lesions?

A

Mega-syndrome of severe intestinal dilation

39
Q

What causes African sleeping sickness?

A

Trypanosoma brucei

40
Q

How many people were reported with African sleeping sickness in 2015?

A

2804 cases

41
Q

What are the vector of Trypanosoma brucei?

A

Tsetse flies

42
Q

What is the distribution of sleeping sickness?

A
  • Eastern Africa = Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

- Western Africa = Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

43
Q

What are the two different forms of sleeping sickness?

A
  • Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

44
Q

What are different between the two forms of sleeping sickness?

A
  • Ecology

- Epidemiology

45
Q

What does the Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense invade?

A

Widespread organ damage, acute

46
Q

What does the Trypanosoma brucei gambiense invade?

A

Central nervous system, chronic

47
Q

What is the life-cycle of sleeping sickness?

A
  1. Tsetse fly takes blood meal
  2. Inject metacyclic trypomastigotes
  3. Injected metacyclic trypomastigotes transforms into bloodstream
  4. Trypomastigotes multiple by binary fission in various body fluids
  5. Trypomastigotes in blood
  6. Tsetse fly takes blood meal
  7. Bloodstream trypomastigotes ingested
  8. Bloodstream trypomastigote transform into procyclic trypomastigote in tsetse fly’s midgut and multiply by binary fission
  9. Procyclic trypomastigote leave midgut and transform into epimastigotes
  10. Epimastigotes multiply in salivary gland
  11. Transform into metacyclic trypomastigote
48
Q

Do Trypanosoma brucei have a natural reservoir?

A

Yes

49
Q

Where does the host localise in Trypanosome brucei?

A

Blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, brain

50
Q

What is the Trypanosome brucei parasite covered in?

A

Coat made up of variable surface glycoproteins

51
Q

How many identical glycoprotein molecules cover parasite surface?

A

> 10 million

52
Q

What are variable surface glycoproteins?

A

Tightly packed, prevents immune recognition/antibodies and protects against lytic compounds in host serum

53
Q

What do variable surface glycoproteins do throughout course of infections?

A

Change

54
Q

What does the variable surface glycoproteins changing throughout course of infection allow?

A

Avoiding host immune system

55
Q

What do tsetse fly gut trypanosomes express on surface?

A

A single antigen called procyclin

56
Q

How many variable surface glycoprotein does mammalian host express?

A

+100 different ones

57
Q

How many variable surface glycoprotein are expressed at the same time?

A

Only one

58
Q

How many expression sites do Trypanosomes brucei have?

A

About 20

59
Q

What are the two main methods that lead to antigenic variation?

A
  • Use of different variable surface glycoprotein expression site
  • DNA recombination changes variable surface glycoprotein present in active expression site
60
Q

What are the different pathology of sleeping sickness?

A

Stage 1: Skin lesion may form at bite site. Parasite enters the blood
Stage 2: Parasite enters the nervous system
Death

61
Q

True or false:

T. brucei contains kinetoplast

A

True

62
Q

True or false:

T. cruzi contains kinetoplast

A

True

63
Q

True or false:

T. brucei invade the CNS

A

True

64
Q

True or false:

T. cruzi invade the CNS

A

False

65
Q

True or false:

T. brucei infective forms in insect faeces

A

False, saliva

66
Q

True or false:

T. cruzi infective forms in insect faeces

A

True

BIO1337 - Microbiology (18 decks)

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