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BIO1337 - Microbiology > Protist and the Environment > Flashcards

Protist and the Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Is CO2 a greenhouse gas?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What do greenhouse gases contribute to?

A

Global warming

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3
Q

How much CO2 was produced in 2020?

A

34 billion tonnes

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4
Q

What do phytoplankton absorb?

A

CO2

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5
Q

Why do phytoplankton absorb CO2?

A

Photosynthesis

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6
Q

What is phytoplankton important?

A

Creating food and sequestering carbon into deep ocean

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7
Q

What group is coccolithophores?

A

Haptophyta

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8
Q

What is the structure of coccolithophores?

A
  • Enclosed by calcareous plates called coccoliths

- Each cell contains two brown chloroplasts surround nucleus

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9
Q

How is calcium carbonate coccolith?

A
  • Calcium and bicarbonate
  • Sequestering carbon
  • Make coccolith
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10
Q

What are the possible functions of coccolithophores?

A
  • Protection
  • Energy production
  • Added weight
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11
Q

How can coccolithophores be used for protection?

A

From predators, osmotic changes, chemical or mechanical shock and short-wavelength light

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12
Q

How can coccolithophores be used for energy production?

A

Precipitation of calcium carbonate from bicarbonate solution produces free carbon dioxide directly within the cellular body of the alga

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13
Q

How can coccolithophores be used for added weight?

A

Allows the organism to sink to lower, more nutrient rich layers of water and add buoyancy stopping the cell from sinking to dangerous depths

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14
Q

What does not inhibit the growth of algal blooms?

A

By high UV light

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15
Q

What does the water turn when algal blooms?

A

Opaque turquoise which reflect light

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16
Q

How much does CaCO3 produce from sediments?

A

30-50%

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17
Q

What is sediments important role for?

A

Sequestration of carbon into deeper ocean via formation of marine snow

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18
Q

What is sediments a major component of?

A

Calcareous ooze

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19
Q

How much does calcareous cover of the ocean floor?

A

35/5

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20
Q

What are the main component of Chalk Cliffs of Dover?

A

Coccoliths

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21
Q

What is an ecological important of coccolithophores?

A
  • Distribution
  • Associated with very low levels of nutrients
  • Light and temperature are strongest predicators pf coccolithophores diversity
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22
Q

What does am increase in CO2 do to the acidity of the ocean?

A

Increase

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23
Q

How do ocean acidification occur?

A

CO2 produces carbonic acid with interaction with ocean

24
Q

How does ocean acidification and climate change effect coccolithophores?

A
  • High CO2 reduces CaCO3 skeleton and deformation
  • Ocean acidity increases, coccoliths become carbon sink
  • CO2 increase population of coccolithophores
25
Q

What is diatoms made of ?

A

Silica

26
Q

How does diatoms reproduce?

A
  • Cell increase in volume and slightly separate both thecae
  • Protoplast undergoes mitotic dision and gets separated along longitudinal through median line
  • One half of protoplast remains epithelia and other hypotheca
27
Q

Where do you find diatoms?

A

Oceans, waterways and soils of the world

28
Q

How much does diatoms contribute to the Toal oceanic primary production of organic material found in oceans?

A

45%

29
Q

How much oxygen does diatoms produce on the planet each year?

A

20-50%

30
Q

How far can shells of dead diatoms reach?

A

Hall mile deep on ocean floor

31
Q

How are diatoms distributed?

A
  • Dominant nutrient rich coastal waters

- Silica frustules require less energy to synthesise that other cell walls

32
Q

What was found in an experiment to determine diatom dominance?

A

Diatome dominate mesocosm communities when silicate concentrations were greater than 2

33
Q

How much do diatoms typically represent of phytoplankton when silicate is available?

A

70%

34
Q

How does ocean acidification effect diatoms?

A
  • Increase CO2 sustain relational resilience over a longer timeframe
  • Decreased Fe bioavailability in acidified ocean could have an opposite effect by increasing stress and inhibition growth
35
Q

What are the ecological important of diatoms?

A

Fertilise huge areas of amazon by winds that take dust from Africa to Amazon

36
Q

What are features of dinoflagellates?

A
  • Posses two flagella
  • Mostly marine or freshwater
  • Photosynthetic but large fraction of these are mixotrophic and parasitic
37
Q

What do dinoflagellates causes?

A

Red tides

38
Q

What do red-tides causes?

A

Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning

39
Q

What are dinoflagellates in symbiotic with?

A

Coral reefs

40
Q

What the genus of dinoflagellates symbiodinium?

A
  • Endoderm of cnidarians (coral, sea anemones and jellyfish) in tropical oligotrophic
  • Marine environment
41
Q

What occurs on the host in terms of symbiodinium?

A

Symbionts rapidly proliferate and dominate cytoplasm of host celll

42
Q

What do symbiodinium provide for coral energy?

A

80% energy needs via photosynthesis and takes up nutrients released by coral metabolism

43
Q

What is coral reef bleaching?

A

Symbionts expelled from coral

44
Q

What causes coral reef bleaching?

A

Sustained elevation of sea surface temperatures

45
Q

What are the 3 times of global scale pan-tropical bleaching events?

A
  • 1998
  • 2010
  • 2015/2016
46
Q

How much more is methane more potent as a heat-trapping gas than CO2?

A

30

47
Q

How much are terminate responsible for global methane emissions?

A

1 to 3%

48
Q

What is a major component in wood?

A

Cellulose

49
Q

How is cellulose broken down?

A
  • Hindgut of the termite by microbes into molecules short-chain fatty acids
  • Breakdown by hydrogenosomes in protests
  • Produces H2
  • Methanogens used H2 and produce methane
50
Q

How much methane does ruminant produce a day?

A

250-500 litres

51
Q

What is rumen?

A
  • First chamber in alimentary canal of ruminant animals

- Primary site for microbial fermentation of ingested feeds

52
Q

What does rumen ciliates produce?

A

H2

53
Q

How does rumen ciliates produce H2?

A

Hydorgenosomes

54
Q

What are Hydorgenosomes?

A

Mitochondrion-derived organelles

55
Q

What do experiments that climate ciliated from cows report?

A

Reduction of methane form 13% to 35%

56
Q

Can we rear cows without ciliates?

A

No, not safe

BIO1337 - Microbiology (18 decks)

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