Protist and the Environment

Question 1

Is CO2 a greenhouse gas?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

What do greenhouse gases contribute to?

Answer 2

Global warming

Question 3

How much CO2 was produced in 2020?

Answer 3

34 billion tonnes

Question 4

What do phytoplankton absorb?

Answer 4

CO2

Question 5

Why do phytoplankton absorb CO2?

Answer 5

Photosynthesis

Question 6

What is phytoplankton important?

Answer 6

Creating food and sequestering carbon into deep ocean

Question 7

What group is coccolithophores?

Answer 7

Haptophyta

Question 8

What is the structure of coccolithophores?

Answer 8

• Enclosed by calcareous plates called coccoliths

- Each cell contains two brown chloroplasts surround nucleus

Question 9

How is calcium carbonate coccolith?

Answer 9

• Calcium and bicarbonate
• Sequestering carbon
• Make coccolith

Question 10

What are the possible functions of coccolithophores?

Answer 10

• Protection
• Energy production
• Added weight

Question 11

How can coccolithophores be used for protection?

Answer 11

From predators, osmotic changes, chemical or mechanical shock and short-wavelength light

Question 12

How can coccolithophores be used for energy production?

Answer 12

Precipitation of calcium carbonate from bicarbonate solution produces free carbon dioxide directly within the cellular body of the alga

Question 13

How can coccolithophores be used for added weight?

Answer 13

Allows the organism to sink to lower, more nutrient rich layers of water and add buoyancy stopping the cell from sinking to dangerous depths

Question 14

What does not inhibit the growth of algal blooms?

Answer 14

By high UV light

Question 15

What does the water turn when algal blooms?

Answer 15

Opaque turquoise which reflect light

Question 16

How much does CaCO3 produce from sediments?

Answer 16

30-50%

Question 17

What is sediments important role for?

Answer 17

Sequestration of carbon into deeper ocean via formation of marine snow

Question 18

What is sediments a major component of?

Answer 18

Calcareous ooze

Question 19

How much does calcareous cover of the ocean floor?

Answer 19

35/5

Question 20

What are the main component of Chalk Cliffs of Dover?

Answer 20

Coccoliths

Question 21

What is an ecological important of coccolithophores?

Answer 21

• Distribution
• Associated with very low levels of nutrients
• Light and temperature are strongest predicators pf coccolithophores diversity

Question 22

What does am increase in CO2 do to the acidity of the ocean?

Answer 22

Increase

Question 23

How do ocean acidification occur?

Answer 23

CO2 produces carbonic acid with interaction with ocean

Question 24

How does ocean acidification and climate change effect coccolithophores?

Answer 24

• High CO2 reduces CaCO3 skeleton and deformation
• Ocean acidity increases, coccoliths become carbon sink
• CO2 increase population of coccolithophores

Question 25

What is diatoms made of ?

Answer 25

Silica

Question 26

How does diatoms reproduce?

Answer 26

- Cell increase in volume and slightly separate both thecae - Protoplast undergoes mitotic dision and gets separated along longitudinal through median line - One half of protoplast remains epithelia and other hypotheca

Question 27

Where do you find diatoms?

Answer 27

Oceans, waterways and soils of the world

Question 28

How much does diatoms contribute to the Toal oceanic primary production of organic material found in oceans?

Answer 28

45%

Question 29

How much oxygen does diatoms produce on the planet each year?

Answer 29

20-50%

Question 30

How far can shells of dead diatoms reach?

Answer 30

Hall mile deep on ocean floor

Question 31

How are diatoms distributed?

Answer 31

- Dominant nutrient rich coastal waters | - Silica frustules require less energy to synthesise that other cell walls

Question 32

What was found in an experiment to determine diatom dominance?

Answer 32

Diatome dominate mesocosm communities when silicate concentrations were greater than 2

Question 33

How much do diatoms typically represent of phytoplankton when silicate is available?

Answer 33

70%

Question 34

How does ocean acidification effect diatoms?

Answer 34

- Increase CO2 sustain relational resilience over a longer timeframe - Decreased Fe bioavailability in acidified ocean could have an opposite effect by increasing stress and inhibition growth

Question 35

What are the ecological important of diatoms?

Answer 35

Fertilise huge areas of amazon by winds that take dust from Africa to Amazon

Question 36

What are features of dinoflagellates?

Answer 36

- Posses two flagella - Mostly marine or freshwater - Photosynthetic but large fraction of these are mixotrophic and parasitic

Question 37

What do dinoflagellates causes?

Answer 37

Red tides

Question 38

What do red-tides causes?

Answer 38

Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning

Question 39

What are dinoflagellates in symbiotic with?

Answer 39

Coral reefs

Question 40

What the genus of dinoflagellates symbiodinium?

Answer 40

- Endoderm of cnidarians (coral, sea anemones and jellyfish) in tropical oligotrophic - Marine environment

Question 41

What occurs on the host in terms of symbiodinium?

Answer 41

Symbionts rapidly proliferate and dominate cytoplasm of host celll

Question 42

What do symbiodinium provide for coral energy?

Answer 42

80% energy needs via photosynthesis and takes up nutrients released by coral metabolism

Question 43

What is coral reef bleaching?

Answer 43

Symbionts expelled from coral

Question 44

What causes coral reef bleaching?

Answer 44

Sustained elevation of sea surface temperatures

Question 45

What are the 3 times of global scale pan-tropical bleaching events?

Answer 45

- 1998 - 2010 - 2015/2016

Question 46

How much more is methane more potent as a heat-trapping gas than CO2?

Answer 46

30

Question 47

How much are terminate responsible for global methane emissions?

Answer 47

1 to 3%

Question 48

What is a major component in wood?

Answer 48

Cellulose

Question 49

How is cellulose broken down?

Answer 49

- Hindgut of the termite by microbes into molecules short-chain fatty acids - Breakdown by hydrogenosomes in protests - Produces H2 - Methanogens used H2 and produce methane

Question 50

How much methane does ruminant produce a day?

Answer 50

250-500 litres

Question 51

What is rumen?

Answer 51

- First chamber in alimentary canal of ruminant animals | - Primary site for microbial fermentation of ingested feeds

Question 52

What does rumen ciliates produce?

Answer 52

H2

Question 53

How does rumen ciliates produce H2?

Answer 53

Hydorgenosomes

Question 54

What are Hydorgenosomes?

Answer 54

Mitochondrion-derived organelles

Question 55

What do experiments that climate ciliated from cows report?

Answer 55

Reduction of methane form 13% to 35%

Question 56

Can we rear cows without ciliates?

Answer 56

No, not safe