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BIO1337 - Microbiology > Bacterial Diversity > Flashcards

Bacterial Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three domains?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
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2
Q

What revolutionised classification?

A

16S rRNA phylogenetic

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3
Q

Where is the prokaryotic taxonomy catalogues?

A

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

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4
Q

How are bacteria distinguished?

A

By Gram stain

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5
Q

What are the types of Gram stain?

A
  • Gram-positive

- Gram-negative

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6
Q

What is a Gram-positive?

A
  • Very simple cell wall structure
  • Does not involve outer phospholipid bilayer
  • Thick outer layer of peptidoglycan
  • Stain purples
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7
Q

What is a Gram-negative?

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Thinner layer of peptidoglycan
  • Thicker phospholipid bilayer (asymmetric)
  • Stains pink
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8
Q

Which Gram stains pink?

A

Gram-negative

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9
Q

Which Gram stains purple?

A

Gram-positive

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10
Q

How do you have a greater speciation in some genera?

A

Using multigene analysis

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11
Q

How is there better speciation in some genre by using multigene analysis?

A

16S rRNA is further divided by multi locus sequences typing picking genes around the genome

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12
Q

What type of Gram is proteobacteria?

A

Gram-negative

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13
Q

How is proteobacteria divide?

A
  • Alpha - α
  • Beta-β
  • Gamma - γ
  • Delta - δ
  • Epsilon - ε
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14
Q

Describe proteobacteria:

A
  • Metabolically diverse
  • Many environmental habitats (symbiont/nitrogen-fixers/aquatic environment)
  • Major human pathogens exhibit chemotrophy under aerobic conditions
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15
Q

What is an alpha proteobacteria?

A

Rhizobiales

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16
Q

What are the genus of Rhizobiales?

A

Agrobacterium
Bradyrhizobium
Nitrobacter
Rhizobium

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17
Q

What feature does Agrobacterium have?

A

Plant pathogen

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18
Q

What feature does Bradyrhizobium have?

A

Symbiotic nitrogen fixer

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19
Q

What feature does Nitrobacter have?

A

Nitrifying

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20
Q

What feature does Rhizobium have?

A

Symbiotic nitrogen fixer

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21
Q

What do Bradyrhizobium/Rhizobium do?

A
  • Form symbiosis with plants

- Fix nitrogen to ammonia

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22
Q

What is a beta proteobacteria?

A

Neisseriales

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23
Q

What are the genus of Neisseriales?

A

Neisseria

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24
Q

What are the features of neisseria?

A
  • Human pathogen
  • Characteristic diplococci
  • Medically important species (Meningitis/gonorrhoea)
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25
Q

What is a gamma proteobacteria?

A

Enterobacteriales

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26
Q

What are the genus of Enterobacteriales?

A

Shigella
Escherichia
Salmonella

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27
Q

What are the features of Shigella/Salmonella?

A
  • Human pathogen

- Responsible for serious food poisoning

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28
Q

What are the features of Escherichia?

A
  • Human commensal, some pathogens
  • Common inhabitant of intestinal tract but uncommon pathogen
  • Very important research tool (e.g E.coli)
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29
Q

What are Enterobacteriales?

A
  • Largest sub-group of the proteobacteria

- Most pathogenic species in this group

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30
Q

What is a delta proteobacteria?

A

Spirilla

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31
Q

What are the genus of Spirilla?

A

Bdellovibrio

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32
Q

What are the features of Bdellovibrio?

A
  • Uses other bacteria as a host
  • Curved bacteria
  • Potential antimicrobial (wide spread in soils and aquatic environments)
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33
Q

What is an epsilon proteobacteria?

A

Campylobacterales

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34
Q

What are the genus of Campylobacterales?

A

Campylobacter

Helicobacter

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35
Q

What are the features of Campylobacter?

A
  • Human pathogen
  • Highly motile bacillus, curved
  • Medically important species (foodborne disease)
36
Q

What are the features of Helicobacter?

A
  • Human pathogen
  • Has multiple flagella
  • Causes stomach ulcers
37
Q

What Gram is bacteriodetes an example of?

A

Gram-negative

38
Q

What are the four major orders of Bacteroidetes?

A
  • Sphingobacteriales
  • Cytophagales
  • Flavobacteriales
  • Bacteroidales
39
Q

What are the types of Gram-positive bacteria divided?

A
  • Low G+C

- High G+C

40
Q

On what bases are Gram-positives divided?

A

Based on the %GC content in the genome

41
Q

Is this a high or low G+C?

atagagctaa ttattggaaa agataaaaag gggataagaa taaataaagt tcctttacaa

A

Low G+C

42
Q

Is this a high or low G+C?

acaatgggcg caagcctgat gcagcaacgc cgcgtgaggg acgacggcct tcgggttgta

A

High G+C

43
Q

What are low G+C known as?

A

Firmicutes

44
Q

What are high G+C known as?

A

Actinobacteria

45
Q

What are the different orders of low G+C?

A
  • Lactobacillales
  • Bacillales
  • Clostridiales
46
Q

What are the genus of Lactobacillales?

A

Lactobacillus

Streptococcus

47
Q

What are the genus of Bacillales?

A

Straphylococcus

Bacillus

48
Q

What are the genus of Clostridium?

A

Clostridium

49
Q

What are Lactoballius and Streptococcus members of?

A

Lactic acid bacteria

50
Q

What are lactic acid bacteria?

A
  • Produce lactic acid during metabolism

- Tolerant to low pH

51
Q

What acidic by-products are produce from Straphylococcus, Bacillus and Clostridium?

A
  • Butyric acid
  • Propionic acid
  • Acetic acid
52
Q

What are the features of Lactobacillus?

A
  • Lactic acid produces
  • Human commensal (fermented products - yogurts)
  • Variable size
53
Q

What does lacto mean?

A

Milk

54
Q

What does bacillus mean?

A

Rod shaped

55
Q

What are the features of Streptococcus?

A
  • Many human pathogens
  • Human commensals
  • Medically relevant (subdivide by haemolytic)
56
Q

What does strepto mean?

A

Twisted chain

57
Q

What does coccus mean?

A

Spherical/round

58
Q

What are the features of Staphylococcus?

A
  • Some human pathogens

- Medically important pathogens (boils, produces toxin/MRSA)

59
Q

What does Staphyl mean?

A

Grape

60
Q

What are the features of Bacillus?

A
  • Rod shape
  • Endospores (enables survival during extremes of environments)
  • Human pathogens
  • Medically important
61
Q

What are the features of Clostridium?

A
  • Anaerobes
  • Endospores
  • Human pathogen
  • Location of spores help to identify the species
  • Medically important
62
Q

What an order of high G+C?

A

Actinomycetales

63
Q

What are the genus of Actinomycetales?

A

Actinmyces
Frankia
Streptomyces

64
Q

What are the features of Actinmyces?

A
  • Filamentous
  • Branching
  • Human pathogen
  • Facultative anaerobe
  • Look like fungal hyphae under microscope
  • Important fro soil ecology
65
Q

What are the features of Frankia?

A
  • Symbiotic nitrogen fixers
  • Filamentous
  • Carry out nitrogen fixation in soil
  • Atmospheric N to ammonia
66
Q

What are the features of Streptomyces?

A
  • Filamentous
  • Produce antibiotics
  • Form mucelium
  • Produce sports called conidia
  • Occurs during nutrient depletion
67
Q

Are conidia the same as endospores?

A

NO

68
Q

What is must commons sub-division containing many human pathogens?

A

γ- proteobacteria

69
Q

Why do we know so much about the Gram negative Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Gram positive Firmicutes?

A

They are easily cultural and grown in the lab

70
Q

How can we study non-culturable bacteria?

A
  • Culture independent analyses
  • Assess phylogeny into species group
  • FISH (Fluorescent in situ hybridisation)
71
Q

What is culture independent analysis to identifying non-culturable bacteria?

A

fluorescent oligonucleotides bind specific DNA

72
Q

What are examples of fluorescent oligonucleotides?

A
  • DAPI
  • Acridine orange
  • SYBR Green 1
73
Q

What is assess phylogeny/classify bacteria into species group to identifying non-culturable bacteria?

A

Phylogenetically classify non-culturable bacteria you need to study the 16S rRNA gene of the bacteria

74
Q

What is FISH in relation to identifying non-culturable bacteria?

A

Different coloured oligonucleotides match different 16S rRNA sequences

75
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

Sum of all organisms and abiotic factors in a particular environment

76
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

Mutualism and commensalism

77
Q

How is mutualism symbiosis?

A

Both species benefit

78
Q

How is commensalism symbiosis?

A

One species benefits, the other neither harmed nor benefited

79
Q

What is syntrophy?

A

Two or more organisms catabolising a nutrient that can not be catabolised by one on its own

80
Q

What is an example of commensalism to mutualism?

A

Bacteria living in our large intestine supply us with vitamin K

81
Q

What is species richness?

A

The total number of species present in an ecosystem

82
Q

What is species abundance?

A

The proportion of each species in an ecosystem

83
Q

What are Archaea more suited to?

A

Extreme conditions below the photic zone

84
Q

What is microbial ecology interaction with plants?

A
  • Legume-root nodule symbiosis

- Essential in fixing nitrogen and suppling to plants

85
Q

What is microbial ecology interaction with mammals?

A
  • Human microbiome project

- Gut microbiome

86
Q

What is facultative anaerobe?

A

Makes ATP via aerobic respirations if oxygen is present BUT can also do anaerobic respiration

87
Q

What is obligate aerobe?

A

Cannot make ATP in absence of oxygen

BIO1337 - Microbiology (18 decks)

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