MRCP Part 1 > Basic Science > Flashcards

Basic Science Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What is the mechanism of botulinum toxin?

A

inhibits the release of acetylcholine at synapses

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2
Q

What is the normal function of the golgi apparatus?

A

adds mannose-6-phosphate to proteins for trafficking to lysosomes

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3
Q

Metabolic acidosis + high anion gap + visual changes suggest…

A

Methanol poisoning

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4
Q

What does Wilcoxon signed-rank test do?

A

compares two sets of observations on a single sample, e.g. a ‘before’ and ‘after’ test on the same population following an intervention

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5
Q

Which cytokine is responsible for activating macrophages?

A

Interferon gamma

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6
Q

How is the specificity of a test calculated?

A

TN / (TN + FP)

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7
Q

What is meant by the specificity of a test?

A

the proportion of people without the disease who will have a negative result

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8
Q

Pellagra is caused by a deficiency in…

A

Niacin/Nicotinic acid (Vit B3)

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9
Q

Which cytokine is involved in neutrophil chemostaxis?

A

IL-8

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10
Q

What is the role of interferon gamma?

A

Activation of macrophages

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11
Q

What is the role of peroxisomes ?

A

responsible for the catabolism of long chain fatty acids

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12
Q

ANP is primarily excreted in response to…

A

Increased blood volume

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13
Q

What are the main actions of ANP?

A

promotes excretion of sodium
lowers BP
antagonises actions of angiotensin II, aldosterone

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14
Q

Give causes of respiratory acidosis.

A

COPD
Asthma (life-threatening)
Neuro-muscular disease
Obesity Hypoventilation
Sedative drugs eg. BZDs/opiates

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15
Q

Give causes of respiratory alkalosis

A

Hyperventilation
PE
Altitude
Pregnancy
CNS disorders

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16
Q

Give causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

Vomiting
Diuretics
HypoK
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Cushing’s syndrome
Bartter’s syndrome

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17
Q

Which biochemical abnormalities are found in salicylate poisoning?

A

Early resp acidosis then metabolic acidosis

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18
Q

How is anion gap calculated?

A

(Na + K) - (Bicarb + Cl)

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19
Q

What is the normal range for anion gap?

A

8 - 14 mmol/l

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20
Q

Give causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

Diarrhoea/stomal losses
RTA
Addison’s

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21
Q

Give causes of anion gap metabolic acidosis?

A

Lactate - sepsis/metformin
Ketones - DKA/alcohol
Posioning - salicylates, methanol

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22
Q

Left shift of the oxy-Hb curve leads to…

A

Increased affinity for O2 and decreased tissue uptake

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23
Q

Which factors lead to LEFT shift of the oxy-Hb dissociation curve?

A

REDUCED
Temp
Co2
2,3-DPG
H+
Altitude

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24
Q

Right shift of the oxy-Hb curve leads to…

A

Reduced affinity for O2 and increased tissue uptake

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25
Which factors lead to RIGHT shift of the oxy-Hb dissociation curve?
INCREASED Temp Co2 2,3-DPG H+ Altitude
26
Where in the cell does RNA splicing occur?
Nucleus
27
What is the investigation of choice for Acute intermittent porphyria ?
Urinary porphobilinogenH
28
HLA genes are found on chromosome...
6
29
Where is Vitamin B12 absorbed?
Terminal ileum
30
Northern blotting is used to detect...
RNA
31
Where in the kidneys is glucose reabsorbed?
PCT
32
Where is the source of bleeding in extradural haemorrhage?
Middle meningeal artery
33
What is the effect of Endothelin?
long-acting vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor
34
Which one of the following is the most common genetic cause of Prader-Willi syndrome?
Microdeletion of paternal 15q11-13
35
Where in the kidney is phosphate reabsorbed?
PCT
36
Interferon gamma is primarily produced by...
NK and T helper cells
37
Where in the kidneys is glucose reabsorbed?
PCT
38
Which cytokine is responsible for the chemotaxis of neutrophils?
IL-8
39
Which kind of receptor does insulin bind to?
TKR
40
HLA genes are found on which chromosome?
6
41
Which HLA locus is associated with haemochromatosis?
HLA-A3
42
Which HLA locus is associated with ankylosing spondylitis?
HLA-B27
43
Which HLA locus is associated with reactive and psoriatic arthritis?
HLA-B27
44
Which HLA locus is associated with coeliac disease?
HLA-DQ2/DQ8
45
Which HLA locus is associated with narcolepsy?
HLA-DR2
46
Which HLA locus is associated with Goodpasture's syndrome?
HLA-DR2
47
Which HLA locus is associated with dermatitis herpetiformis?
HLA-DR3
48
Which HLA locus is associated with Sjogren's syndrome?
HLA-DR3
49
Which HLA locus is associated with RA?
HLA-DR4
50
Which HLA locus is most associated with T1DM?
HLA-DR4
51
What happens in phase 0 of cardiac potential?
Rapid depolarisation due to Na+ influx
52
What happens in phase 1 of cardiac potential?
Early depolarisation due to K+ efflux
53
What happens in phase 2 of cardiac potential?
Plateau due to slow Ca2+ influx
54
What happens in phase 3 of cardiac potential?
Final repolarisation due to K+ efflux
55
Cardiac resting potential is restored by...
Na+/K+ ATPase
56
Which organelle is responsible for the catabolism of long chain fatty acids?
Perioxisome
57
Goodpasture's syndrome produces antibiodies to which type of collagen?
Type 4
58
Which cytokine is responsible for activating macrophages?
Inteferon-gamma
59
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is most commonly due to a deficiency of which enzyme?
21-hydroxylase
60
Which structures comprise the 'triangle of safety'?
Base of the axilla, lateral edge pectoralis major, 5th intercostal space and the anterior border of latissimus dorsi`
61
Which phase in the cycle is influenced by p53 and determines the cell cycle length?
G1
62
Which defect is present in Fanconi syndrome?
Global resorptive defect in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
63
Troponin I binds to...
Actin
64
Medullary thyroid cancer, phaeochromocytoma, marfanoid body habitus suggests...
MEN2B
65
In mitochondrial inheritance, what proportion of an affected mother's children will be affected?
100%
66
In mitochondrial inheritance, what proportion of an affected father's children will be affected?
0%
67
What is the toxic metabolite of paracetamol?
NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine)
68
Where is phosphate re-absorbed?
PCT
69
Sympathetic receptors tend to belong to which class?
GPCRs
70
Which additional test may be used to confirm a diagnosis of Paget's disease?
Increased serum and urine levels of hydroxyproline
71
Which acid-base imbalance may occur in Cushing's syndrome?
hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis
72
How is Lassa fever contracted?
By contact with rodent excreta
73
Which red cell histology may be seen in DIC?
Schistocytes
74
What is the initial physiological response to hypoxia?
Pulmonary artery vasoconstriction
75
Which cell secretes gastric acid?
Parietal cell
76
Troponin C binds to...
Calcium ions
77
Troponin T binds to...
Tropomyosin
78
Troponin I binds to...
Actin to hold the troponin-tropomyosin complex in place
79
What is meant by 'tidal volume'?
volume inspired or expired with each breath at rest
80
Which lung volume is significantly reduced in obesity?
Expiratory reserve volume
81
What is the approximate vital capacity volume?
4,500ml in males, 3,500 mls in females
82
Which HLA sub-type is associated with bronchiectasis?
HLA-DR1
83
Diarrhoea, dermatitis (especial in sun-exposed areas) and dementia suggests...
Niacin (B3) deficiency (Pellagra)
84
What is the metabolic defect in homocystinuria?
deficiency of cystathionine beta synthase
85
Cerebral calcification and chorioretinitis suggests...
Toxoplasmosis
86
What is the main component of pulmonary surfactant
dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)
87
Where in the cell does RNA splicing occur?
Nucleus
88
What is the normal role of p53?
Holding the cell cycle at the G1/S phase checkpoint to allow detection and repair of DNA damage
89
What type of immunoglobulins are responsible for hyperacute graft rejection?
IgG
90
Which factors may lead to increased pulse pressure?
Reduced aortic compliance Increased stroke volume
MRCP Part 1
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