Benign and Malignant Tumours of The Ovaries

Question 1

What are the three major categories of ovarian tumours?

Answer 1

Benign, malignant, and borderline tumours.

Question 2

Which tissue origins give rise to most ovarian tumours?

Answer 2

Surface epithelium, germ cells, sex cord-stromal tissue.

Question 3

What percentage of ovarian tumours are benign?

Answer 3

~80%.

Question 4

What age group is most affected by benign ovarian tumours?

Answer 4

Women of reproductive age.

Question 5

What percentage of ovarian tumours are malignant?

Answer 5

~20%.

Question 6

What age group is most affected by malignant ovarian tumours?

Answer 6

Postmenopausal women.

Question 7

What is the most common benign germ cell tumour?

Answer 7

Mature teratoma (dermoid cyst).

Question 8

What is the characteristic content of a dermoid cyst?

Answer 8

Hair, teeth, sebum, and skin components.

Question 9

Which tumour is associated with Meigs syndrome?

Answer 9

Ovarian fibroma.

Question 10

What are the three components of Meigs syndrome?

Answer 10

Ovarian fibroma + ascites + pleural effusion.

Question 11

Which ovarian tumour causes virilisation?

Answer 11

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour (androblastoma).

Question 12

Which ovarian tumour secretes oestrogen and can cause endometrial hyperplasia?

Answer 12

Granulosa cell tumour.

Question 13

What is a Brenner tumour?

Answer 13

A benign transitional cell tumour.

Question 14

What is the most common malignant epithelial ovarian tumour?

Answer 14

Serous cystadenocarcinoma.

Question 15

Which ovarian tumour commonly occurs bilaterally?

Answer 15

Serous cystadenocarcinoma.

Question 16

What is a Krukenberg tumour?

Answer 16

Ovarian metastasis from gastric/colorectal cancer with signet-ring cells.

Question 17

What is the most common malignant germ cell tumour?

Answer 17

Dysgerminoma.

Question 18

Which germ cell tumour is associated with Schiller-Duval bodies?

Answer 18

Yolk sac tumour (endodermal sinus tumour).

Question 19

Which ovarian tumour secretes beta-hCG?

Answer 19

Choriocarcinoma and embryonal carcinoma.

Question 20

What are the key tumour markers for germ cell tumours?

Answer 20

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), beta-hCG, LDH.

Question 21

What is the role of inhibin as a tumour marker?

Answer 21

Elevated in granulosa cell tumours.

Question 22

What are the major symptoms of malignant ovarian tumours?

Answer 22

Abdominal distension, ascites, pain, early satiety, bloating.

Question 23

What is the typical mode of spread for ovarian cancer?

Answer 23

Transcoelomic spread via peritoneal fluid.

Question 24

What is the most useful tumour marker for epithelial ovarian cancer?

Answer 24

CA-125.

Question 25

What imaging modality is best for staging ovarian cancer?

Answer 25

CT scan or MRI.

Question 26

What is the FIGO stage I of ovarian cancer?

Answer 26

Cancer confined to one or both ovaries.

Question 27

What is FIGO stage III?

Answer 27

Peritoneal metastases beyond pelvis ± nodal involvement.

Question 28

What is the standard treatment for early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer?

Answer 28

Total abdominal hysterectomy + BSO + staging.

Question 29

What surgical procedures are involved in ovarian cancer staging?

Answer 29

TAH, BSO, omentectomy, peritoneal biopsy, node sampling.

Question 30

What is optimal cytoreduction in ovarian cancer surgery?

Answer 30

No visible residual tumour after debulking.

Question 31

What is the first-line chemotherapy for ovarian cancer?

Answer 31

Carboplatin + paclitaxel.

Question 32

What is the 5-year survival rate for stage I and IV ovarian cancer?

Answer 32

Stage I >90%; Stage IV ~20%.

Question 33

What is the effect of oral contraceptives on ovarian cancer risk?

Answer 33

5 years of continuous use cuts risk by ~50%.

Question 34

Are there screening guidelines for ovarian cancer in the general population?

Answer 34

No routine screening recommended for general population.

Question 35

What ultrasound features suggest a benign ovarian cyst?

Answer 35

Unilocular, thin-walled, no solid parts or septations.

Question 36

What ultrasound features suggest malignancy in an ovarian mass?

Answer 36

Solid areas, thick septa, papillary projections, ascites.

Question 37

What is the preferred treatment for dermoid cysts?

Answer 37

Surgical removal (cystectomy or oophorectomy).

Question 38

What is pseudomyxoma peritonei and which tumour causes it?

Answer 38

Mucinous tumours; associated with mucinous ascites.

Question 39

Which ovarian tumour is most common in children?

Answer 39

Yolk sac tumour.

Question 40

What is adnexal torsion and how does it present?

Answer 40

Twisting of ovary causing acute abdominal pain.