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EPPP > Bio Bases of Bx: Cognitive Disorders > Flashcards

Bio Bases of Bx: Cognitive Disorders Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Impact of stroke, trauma, tumor depends on 3 factors

A
  1. Size
  2. Specific location
  3. Cerebral Hemisphere
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2
Q

Aphasia

A

Language disorder
Resulting from damage or lesion to LEFT Hem
Nature of lang impairment based on location of lesion

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3
Q

Common Aphasias (4)

A

Broca’s
Wernicke’s
Conduction
Global

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4
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

*Hint: Broca=broken speech

A

Location: Left FRONTAL, motor strip
Impacts expression of speech
Dysarthia:Speech slow & effortful
Comprehension mostly intact

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5
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

*Hint: Garbage in, garbage out

A 
Location: Left TEMPORAL lobe
No lang comprehension
speak fluently, but nonsense
Often unaware they have a problem
Considered a receptive/sensory aphasia
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6
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

Location: Connection between expressive & receptive speech areas (between broca & Wernicke)
Intact lang comprehension
Fluent speech, but unable to repeat, nonsensical speech
May resemble Wernickes but are able to follow commands b/c they understand

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7
Q

Global Aphasia

A

Damage to most left cortex

Impairment to fluency, comprehension, repetition, naming, reading & writing

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8
Q

One sided neglect

A

Damage to one side of brain impacts fx on opposite side of body
Loss of sensation or movement
Ex: forget to dress one side of body, eating food from one side of plate

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9
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to carry out purposeful motor mvmts, though no deficit in motor or sensory skills
Muscles & limbs still move, but in wrong position or omit a step of a particular action

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10
Q

Agraphia

A

Impaired ability to write
Could include spelling, word selection, grammar, spatial arrangement
Left Hem damage to variety of areas

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11
Q

Alexia

A

Partial or complete inability to read
Most commonly due to stroke
Pure alexia is alexia without agraphia

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12
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize familiar face
Typically retrograde & anterograde
Due to injury to the visual assoc cortex

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13
Q

Anosagnosia

A

Lack of awareness of disability

Ex: Wernickes where ppl don’t recognize they are speaking gibberish

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14
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in brain ventricles, causing increased intracranial pressure
Often caused by malabsorption of CSF
Can be caused by head injuries, tumors, meningitis, or encephalitis

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15
Q

Dementia is characterized by memory impairment + at least one of the following deficits

A
  1. Aphasia (language probs)
  2. Apraxia (motor probs)
  3. Agnosia (difficulty recognizing objects)
  4. Executive functioning deficits (planning, organizing, sequencing, abstracting)
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16
Q

True or false: overall rate of dementia is equal in men & women

A

True

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17
Q

What is the most common form of dementia?

A

Alzheimers disease; accounts for over 1/2 of cases

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18
Q

True of False: Alzheimers is more common in men

A

False- women

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19
Q

Alzheimers is a diagnosis of _____, where all other possible medical, neurological, and psychiatric causes are ruled out first

A

Exclusion- can only be confirmed upon autopsy

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20
Q

Alzheimers stages: Early Phase

A

Impaired recent memory (forgetting names of items, forget what one is doing, diff problem solving)
Irritability, frustration, anger

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21
Q

Alzheimers stages: Middle Stage

A

Further impaired memory
Cognitive deficits like aphasia, apraxia, agnosia
Confusion, wandering, socially undesirable bxs

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22
Q

Alzheimers stages: Late Stage

A

Gait & motor probs

Possibly mute

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23
Q

Alzheimers progresses most rapidly when ____________

A

onset is early, or before 65 years of age

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24
Q

Etiology of Alzheimers Disease

A

Genetic component: 1st degree relatives 6x more likely to develop
Brain changes: Senile Plaques & Neurofibrillary tangles especially in hippocampus & amygdala
Changes in neurotrans: Decrease in acetylcholine

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25
Most common medication tx for Alzheimers
Aricept (donepezil)
26
True or False: Vascular dementia is twice as common in males as females
True
27
Vascular Dementia
Result of small cerebrovascular accidents, or strokes | Onset abrupt, marked by rapid changes described as step wise due to plateaus followed by further degeneration
28
Half of ppl dx w/vascular dementia die within __ years of dx
2-3
29
Tx of Vascular Dementia
Prevention efforts through lifestyle changes No medications to reverse impact of stroke but aspirin, anticoagulants, antihypertensives frequently prescribed to reduce likelihood of future strokes
30
Parkinson's Disease
``` Movement disorder characterized by: tremor rigidity bradykinesia (slowed initiation of movement) shuffling gait dementia (30 -50% of patients) depression (50-90% of patients) ```
31
Etiology of Parkinson's Disease
Degeneration of neurons in substantia nigra (section of basal ganglia). decrease in dopamine
32
Tx of Parkinson's
L-Dopa (levodopa), a precursor to dopamine treats movement component No tx to slow progression or decrease sxs of dementia Antidepressants may help with emotional & cognitive fx
33
Neurotransmitters assoc with Eating Disorders
Serotonin & norepinephrine (implicated in appetite & mood)
34
Chemotherapy preferred tx for childhood tumors over radiation b/c radiation contributes to:
learning problems & growth deficiencies
35
Cerebral Palsy most commonly results from
trauma at birth
36
Dementia due to head trauma
non progressive if result of single head trauma
37
Huntington's Disease
Involves basal ganglia, result of autosomal dominant gene Onset 35 to 45 years, Offspring have 50% chance of being affected Sxs: personality change, progressive dementia, choreiform mvmts (brisk jerking mvmts of pelvis, trunk, limbs), athetotis (slow writhing mvmts), facial grimaces
38
Neurotransmitters implicated in Huntington's
acetylcholine & GABA Destruction of caudate nuc & putamen results in dec level of GABA (which is produced in bas ganglia), GABA moderates/inhibits production of dopamine. Without it, there is too much dopamine which results in chorea (uncontrollable, irregular muscle mvmts of arms legs & face)
39
Pick's Disease
Rare disease, clinically indistinguishable from Alz Disease Twice as common in women Onset btwn 50s and 60s Frontal & temporal lobes affected Decreased initiative, inappropriate bx, euphoria, explosive temper, poor impulse control, probs w/memory & language Apraxias & agnosias less common than Alz Dis
40
Aids Dementia
10-15% of ppl w/AIDS develop Cognitive sxs-memory, language Motor Sxs Behavioral Symptoms-apathy, withdrawal, mood swings,
41
Dementia due to head trauma
``` Acute brain injury- delirium or amnestic disorder Closed head (Concussions, Contusions) Open Head ```
42
Concussions
most common, neural dysfunction but no cerebral contusion Often causes anterograde amnesia & retrograde (events just before injury, incident itself but remote events remain intact) Most common sx: irritability, fatigue, headache, dizziness
43
Contusions
brain bruises, coup-countercoup injuries (both sides of brain due to impact against skull and backlash) Temp aphasia, slight hemiparesis, unilateral numbness
44
Pseudodementia
False dementia- due to depression | Subjective complaints of memory loss may be a sign, with rapid onset & progression
45
Delirium/Acute Confusional State
Syndrome resulting from disturbances to consciousness Acetylcholine implicated Reduced ability to focus, disoriented, memory deficit Acute onset, fluctuating course, clouded sensorium, reversible if underlying condition treated
46
Common causes of delirium
infections, metabolic & endocrine disorders, postoperative states, substance intoxication, substance withdrawal
47
Amnestic Disorders (only memory impaired) most commonly caused by:
head trauma | alcohol abuse
48
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Amnestic disorder caused by chronic thiamin deficiency assoc w/alcoholism Anterograde amnesia Retrograde for remote memory of adult life Results in confabulation Lack of insight limited spontaneous conversation
49
2 Major phases of sleep:
``` non REM (stages 1 thru 4) REM ```
50
When a person is alert & active, ___ waves predominate; during relaxation, ___ waves predominate
beta | alpha
51
Stages of sleep
Stage 1-brief transitional stage between wake & sleep, theta waves (4 to 8 Hz) Stage 2- Greatest amt of time during sleep; charac by spindles or rhythmical responses of 12 to 16 Hz Stages 3 & 4- slow delta waves of 1 to 2 Hz, hard to awaken REM sleep-follows stage 4, EEG patterns of stage 1 with REM
52
Tonic Clonic Seizures
Tonic stage- continuous tension or contraction followed by clonic stage (rapid involuntary, alternating muscle contractions, relaxation) Occur during grand mal seizure
53
Petit Mal Seizures
Absence seizures, most often in children | Change in level of consciousness, blinking/rolling of eyes, blank stare, slight mouth mvmts, posture retained
54
Simple Partial Seizures
electrical abnormalities in a focal area of the brain can affect very small area of body vs half of the body remain conscious, can recall details
55
Jacksonian Seizures
Initially localized motor seizure, with spread of abnormal activity to adjacent brain areas
56
Complex Partial Seizures
Preceded by an aura Purposeless bx lip smacking, unintelligible speech
57
Tests of brain fx & structure (3 types)
PET Scan- show fx capacity for a particular brain region MRI- Visualization of brain structure CAT scan- x ray like pics of internal organs of the brain, very clear & accurate
58
Synesthesia
2 or more senses are connected | seeing music, or smelling colors
59
General Adaptation Syndrome
Hans Selye's model of response to severe stress: Stages Alarm-sympathetic nervous system activated; lowered resistance to illness Resistance-alarm reaction subsides, body adapts to stressor, resistance to illness above normal Exhaustion-response to chronic unremitting stress, sign loss of health
60
Health Belief Model
Rosenstock | Ind who believe they can control their health are more likely to engage in healthy habits

EPPP (18 decks)

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