Biological Bases of Bx: The Nervous System Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Functions of the prefrontal lobe
A
Executive functions, including organizational ability, decision making, problem solving
2
Q
Prefrontal association cortex
A
Control & regulation of cognition and planning. Damage associated with decreased initiative, deficient self awareness, & concrete thinking
3
Q
Corpus callosum
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Nerve fibers connecting 2 hemispheres of the brain
4
Q
Frontal Lobe contains
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Prefrontal cortex, brocas area
5
Q
Iconic memory
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memory of visual stimuli; temporary visual impression after the stimulus is removed
6
Q
Apperceptive agnosia
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Inability to recognize familiar objects by sight, especially in low light, but may still identify object by touch
7
Q
2 Main Divisions of the Nervous System
A
Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain & Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves that go to & from CNS (cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral ganglia)
8
Q
2 Main Subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
Hint: Nerves connected to all bodily functions, both voluntary & automatic
A
Somatic Nervous System (voluntary movement)
Autonomic Nervous System (automatic bodily fxs)
9
Q
Somatic Nervous System
A
Sends & receives sensory msgs controlling voluntary motor movement of the skeletal muscles
10
Q
2 subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
Hint: Body automatically resp to stress and then calms down
A
Sympathetic Nervous System (body’s mobilizing system)
Parasympathetic Nervous System (body’s energy conserving system)
11
Q
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): what does it control & primary function
A
Controls automatic bodily functions of the muscles & glands, like heart rate, breathing, digestion, etc
Function: maintain homeostasis within body
12
Q
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Hint: Sympathetic to stress, so body mobilizes to respond
A
Body’s mobilizing/fight or flight system, takes over in times of stress
Releases hormones to inc resp, HR, BP; decr digestion & elimination
13
Q
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
Hint: Biofeedback helps to access PNS; stress response is PARAlyzed
A
Body’s energy conserving system, dominant during relaxation
Slows HR, resp, BP, etc
14
Q
2 Main Divisions of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
A
Brain
Spinal Cord
15
Q
____ neurons, also known as ____ neurons, carry info into the CNS, while ___ neurons, also known as ____ neurons, carry info away from CNS to the muscles & glands
A
Sensory; Afferent (Hint: senses AFFect the brain)
Motor; Efferent (Hint: info has to motor to muscles in order to EFFect movement)
16
Q
4 Regions of the Spinal Cord from top to bottom
A
- Cervical (C1-C7)
- Thoracic (T1-T12)
- Lumbar (L1-L5)
- Sacral (S1)
17
Q
How does spinal cord damage impact body functioning?
A
Muscles served by section of the spinal cord below the damage do not function normally
18
Q
____ results from severing of spinal cord between __ and __ , leading to paralysis in all 4 limbs
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Quadriplegia; C1 and C5
19
Q
_____, or paralysis of the legs, & partial paralysis in the arms results from severing of spinal cord between __ or __
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Paraplegia, C6 or C7
20
Q
___ results for severing the spinal cord from T1 on down
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Paraplegia
21
Q
Paresis
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Muscle weakness resulting from incomplete severing of the spinal cord
22
Q
True or False: A man with paralysis may still be able to achieve an erection
A
True,as reflexes (like arousal & ejaculation) can remain intact with spinal cord damage.
23
Q
3 Major Divisions of the Brain
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Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain Stem
24
Q
2 Layers of the Cerebrum
Hint: Like an orange
A
Cerebral Cortex
Subcortical Areas
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Fx of Cerebrum
Complex thought, perception, action
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How is the cerebral cortex divided?
Left & Right Hemisphere
| Each Hemisphere divided by 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
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How are the left & right hemispheres of the brain connected?
Band of nerve fibers, called corpus callosum
| *Left hem controls right side of body, right hem controls left side of body
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Central sulcus
The groove, or sulci, that separates the frontal & parietal lobes
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Lateral sulcus
The groove, or sulci, that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal & parietal lobes
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What does Left Hemisphere control
| Hint: 2 Ls; EPPP success anchored here
LANGUAGE: reading, writing, speaking, naming, motor control
LOGIC: rational, analytical, logical, abstract thinking
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Impact of damage to the left hemisphere
Speech disorders (aphasia), other lang probs (agraphia, anomia), motor disorder (apraxia), difficulties w/right side of body
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What does Right Hemisphere control?
```
Perception
Visual spatial reasoning (even body image)
Creativity (art, music)
Intuition
Emotion (comprehension & expression)
```
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Aphasia
Inability to understand or produce language
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Agnosia
Inability to recognize objects or perceive stimuli
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Agraphia
Inability to write
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Alexia
Problems w/reading
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Anomia
Inability to name objects
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Acalculia
problems doing math/calculation
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Proprioception
Ability to locate one's body parts in space
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Impact of damage to the right hemisphere?
Visual perceptual disturbances
Prosopagnosia
Agnosia for musical sounds
Affective abnormalities (indiff, euphoria, hysteria, depr, mania, disinhibition, impulsivity, sexual bx)
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Prosopagnosia
Inability to recognize familiar faces
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approx. how much of the pop is left hem dominant?
97%
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3 Divisions of the Frontal Lobes
1. Prefrontal Cortex
2. Premotor Area
3. Motor Area
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Fxs of the Prefrontal Cortex
| Hint: Makes us who we are, separates humans from other animals
Personality, Emotionality, Inhibition, Planning, Abstract thinking, Judgment, Executive cognitive skills
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Function of Premotor Area
Planning Movement
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Fx of Motor Area
Instigate voluntary muscle movement
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Impact of Damage to Frontal Lobes
Loss of mvmt/paralysis, changes in personality/temperament, emotional lability, perseveration, inattention, poor problem solving, Broca's aphasia
Usually result of TBI, stroke, Tumor
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Broca's Aphasia
Inability to express language
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Fx of Parietal Lobes
Primary sensory areas (pain, heat, proprioception)
| Enable integration sensations of touch to create 3 dimensional experience of objects (shape, size, wt, texture)
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Key Role of Right Parietal Lobe
Directing Attention
| Visual & spatial skills
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Key Role of Left Parietal Lobe
Overlearned motor routines
| Linguistic skills- reading, writing, naming objects
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Impact of damage to the parietal lobes
Anomia, agraphia, alexia, acalculia, difficulty drawing objects, difficulty distinguishing rt from lt, lack of awareness of body parts, probs w/hand eye coordination
Most often caused by stroke
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4 Primary Sxs of Gerstmann's Syndrome
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Lesions of the Left Parietal Lobe
Agraphia
Acalculia
Rt-Lft Disorientation
Finger Agnosia (unable to recognize own fingers as part of body)
```
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Temporal lobes contain the ___ _____ ____
| *Hint: temporal lobes located around the temples, area of the EARS
Primary Auditory Cortex
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Temporal lobes are also connected to the ___ ____, so they are involved in ___ and ____
* Hint: This system contains amygdala & hippocampus
* Hint: Temporal lobes implicated in temper
Limbic System
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Fxs of the Temporal Lobe
Hearing
Emotions & Memory (due to connection to Limbic system)
Verbal Memory & Language comprehension (Left Temporal- Wernicke's area)
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Wernicke's Area
Located in left temporal lobe, involved in verbal memory and language comprehension
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Broca's Area
Located in Left Frontal Lobe- controls muscles that produce speech
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Key Role of Left Temporal Lobe
| *Hint: Left is for Language
Verbal Memory & Language Comprehension
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Key Role of Right Temporal Lobe
Visual Memory
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Impact of Damage to the Temporal Lobes
Aggressive bx, change in sexual bx, interference w/memory, prosopagnosia, problems understanding speech (Wernicke's aphasia)
Most often caused by TBI, stroke, encephalitis
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Wernicke's aphasia
Problems understanding speech
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Occipital Lobes contain the ___ ___ cortex, which are involved in ___, ___, and _____
*Hint: OCcipital involved in OCular functioning
Primary Visual
| Sight, Reading & Visual Images
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Fx of the Occipital Lobes
Sight
Reading
Visual Images
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Impact of Damage to the Occipital Lobes
Uncommon, usually result of tumor or stroke
Difficulty recognizing drawn objects/recognizing colors
Hallucinations or illusions
Word blindness (can't recognize)
Problems w/reading or writing
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3 Main Subcortical Brain Areas
Corpus Callosum
Limbic System
Basal Ganglia
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Fx of Corpus Callosum
Right Hem controls Left side of body (body & sensation)
Left Hem controls Right side of body
Corp call serves as bridge between the 2 hemispheres
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Split Brain Patients
Corpus callosum severed to reduce epileptic seizures
| Opposite side of brain still controls sensory input from opp side of body, but now no communication between hemispheres
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Classic "heart" study w/split brain patients
Word HEART flashed such that "HE" is seen in Left Visual Field (so processed by Right side of the brain) and "ART" seen by Right Visual Field (so processed by Left side of the brain). Patients unable to verbalize the whole word due to no language in right hem, they were only able to verbalize "ART" because it was processed by lang center of the brain in the left hemisphere
70
Key Roles of Limbic System
| *Hint: What do you need to survive?
```
Primitive brain, SURVIVAL
Influences autonomic nervous system & endocrine system
Emotions
Basic Drives (sex, hunger)
Learning
Olfaction
Memory
```
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5 Key Limbic System Structures
```
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Septum
```
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Fx of Thalamus
Sensory relay center, input from all senses, except smell, projects info to appropriate cortical areas
Critical to perception of pain
Abnormalities linked to schiz due to misperception of sensory input
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5 Fs of the Hypothalamus
```
Fever
Feeding
Fighting
Falling asleep
Fucking
```
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Fx of the Hypothalamus
Connection to endocrine system & autonomic nervous system
| Major role is homeostasis, incl temp, hunger, thirst, sex, hormone secretion, aggression, sleep-wake cycle
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The ____ contains a group of cells, the ___ ___, which are considered the body's circadian clock b/c regulates sleep wake cycle
Hypothalamus; Suprachiasmic Nucleus (SCN)
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Influence of hypothalamus on pituitary gland
Hypothal secretes hormones (thryotropin releasing hormone & corticotropin releasing hormone) that stimulates pituitary gland to secrete its own hormones (growth hormone, thyroid stimulating, adrenocorticotropic), which then activate other glands (thyroid, pancreas)
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Fx of Hippocampus
| *Hint: If you saw a HIPPO on CAMPUS, you would REMEMBER him
Consolidation of conscious memories, stores new information and events as lasting memories
Short term memory --> long term memory
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fx of Amygdala
| Hint: A is for Aggression
Attaches emotions to sensory input, strong connection to fear/startle, aggression, emotional memory
Determines level of threat
Involved in memory of fear (PTSD)
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The ____ has been linked to PTSD due to involvement in memory of fear
Amygdala
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Kluver Bucy Syndrome
Complete removal of the amygdala results in placidity, apathy, hyerphagia, hypersexuality, agnosias
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Fx of Septum
| *Septum allows you to Simmer down
Moderates or decreases aggression; damage leads to Septal Rage Syndrome
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Fx of Basal Ganglia
| Hint: He is Gangly in his Movement, which he tries to INHIBIT
Regulate movement & establish posture
Sends info to the premotor & primary motor cortex
INHIBIT movement so we can be still and maintain posture
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5 Nuclei of the Basal Ganglia
```
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Substantia Nigra
Globus Pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
```
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2 Main Problems assoc with dysfunction of Basal Ganglia
Extraneous unwanted muscle movements (Huntingtons)
| Difficulty w/intended movement (Parkinsons)
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Huntington's Disease
Result of degeneration of Caudate Nucleus & Putamen
| produces thrusting movements of face & limbs
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Parkinson's Disease
Result of slow & steady loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowed mvmt)
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2 psychiatric disorders where Basal Ganglia are implicated
Tourette Syndrome
| OCD
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Cerebellum: Location & Function
| *Hint: BELLUM is for Balance
2nd largest struc in the brain, base of brain, behind brain stem
Responsible for smooth movement & coordinating motor activity
Maintain BALANCE & Equilibrium
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Ataxia
Sx of cerebellar disease, lack of coordination of voluntary mvmts in the absence of weakness or sensory loss
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Symptoms of Cerebellar Damage
incorrect timing of muscle activation, disequilibrium, vertigo, inability to grab objects, probs coordinating fine movements
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Fx of the Brain Stem
Most primitive part of the brain, extension of the spinal cord
12 cranial nerves begin in brain stem
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3 Major Brain Stem Areas
Pons
Medulla
Reticular Formulation
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Pons & Medulla
Pons- Upper portion of brain stem
Medulla- Bottom of brain stem
Involved in sleep, respiration, movement, & cardio activity
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Damage to the medulla or pons can lead to failure of bodily fxs and ___
death
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Reticular Formation
Interconnected nuclei in the brain stem
| Awareness, attention, sleep
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Reticular Activating System
Projects from brain stem to thalamus, involved in sleep wake cycle
Filter for incoming sensory info
Mediates alertness
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What are neurons?
Cells of the brain & spinal cord, communicate w/one another and to muscles, glands, organs by releasing tiny amounts of neurotransmitters
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3 parts of Neurons
Dendrites
Cell Body/Soma
Axon
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Dendrites
Receive info by capturing neurotrans released into the synaptic cleft
Neuron may have thousands of dendrites
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Soma/Cell body
Integrates info from dendrites
| Contains nucleus, which regulates all cell activity & controls hereditary charac (DNA)
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Axon
Tube extending from soma that transmits info
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Neurons communicate to one another through ___ ___, which is an electrochemical impulse
Action Potential
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What happens to chemicals inside/outside of neuron during action potential?
At Rest: Excess of sodium outside cell body, Excess Potassium inside
During Action potential: Potassium rushes out, Sodium rushes into cell and through axons, triggering release of neurotrans by the terminal buttons
Those neurotrans cross synaptic cleft to bind to receptor sites of next neurons & reuptake occurs
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All or None Principle of Neuronal Firing
A neuron will either by sufficiently stimulated to fire to its fullest extent, or it won't fire at all
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Absolute Refractory Period
Period of time after firing that a neuron absolutely cannot fire, followed by a relative refractory period where only very intense stimulation triggers firing
Provides time for neuron to return to resting state with excess potassium inside and sodium outside
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2 categories of Neurotransmitters
Classical & Peptide
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Agonist
Any Substance that enhances the effect of a neurotransmitter
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Antagonist
any substance that inhibits the neurotrans effect
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2 classifications of Neurotransmitters (Impact on Action Potential)
Excitatory- increase likelihood of action potential
| Inhibitory- decrease likelihood of action potential
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Classical Neurotransmitters
| Hint: Classical CASA
Catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine)
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Amino Acids
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Fx of Acetylcholine (Ach)
Most common neurotransmitter
Voluntary Movement
Memory & Cognition
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The neurotransmitter ____ is prevalent in the hippocampus, which explains its involvement in Alzheimer's Disease
Acetylcholine
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2 Principle Catecholamines
| Hint: CATs, NOt DOgs
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Synthesized from dietary tyrosine & phenylanine
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Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
Proposes that schiz is result of excess dopamine, thus antipsychotics have been dopamine antagonists
However, newer antipsychotics do not primarily work on dopamine so hypothesis has been questioned
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Role of dopamine in Parkinson's Disease
Degeneration of neurons in substantia nigra results in decrease in available dopamine to basal ganglia. So L-Dopa or levodopa (a precursor to dop) treats parkinsons
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Norepinephrine
Significantly involved in mood
| Also implicated in pain, sleep
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Catecholamine Hypothesis of Affective Disorders
| Hint: Cat lady gets more cats to feel better
Too little catecholamines, esp Norepinephrine- low mood
| Too much- Mania
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Serotonin (5-HT)
Significantly involved in mood disorders
Produced by dietary mod of tryptophan
Aggression, sex, sleep onset, pain percep, possibly schiz
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Permissive Hypothesis of Serotonin Functioning
proposes 2 steps in the development of mood disorders
1. Deficiency in serotonin
2. Levels of norepinephrine determine whether mania (too much) or depression (too little)
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3 Main Amino Acids
GABA
Glycine
Glutamate
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Major Inhibitory Neurotransmitters of the CNS
| Hint: 2 Amino Acids makes things AMicable & calm
GABA
| Glycine
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Insufficient levels of GABA have been linked to ___ and ___
Anxiety; Epilepsy
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Benzodiazapines are ___ ___, where they increase levels of __ to reduce overarousal
*Remember AMino acids make things amicable and calm
GABA agonists; GABA
124
Glutamate
Mediator of fast, excitatory synaptic transmission
125
Peptide Neurotransmitters are long chains of ___ ___, and there are dozens of them.
amino acids
126
2 Endogenous opioids
Peptide neurotrans,
Enkephalins
Endorphins
Help to regulate stress & pain
127
Substance P
| *Hint: P regulate Pain
A peptide neurotransmitter involved in pain regulation
