Bio107-ch11,12,13lab15

Question 1

Irritability

Answer 1

ability to perceive stimuli

Question 2

Excitability

Answer 2

ability to respond to stimuli

Question 3

Primary functions of nervous system (3)

Answer 3

1. transmit info from one part of the body to another
2. coordinate activities within the body
3. produce hormones and neurotransmitters

Question 4

Examples of neurotransmitters

Answer 4

ACh, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Question 5

Transmit sensory receptors to the

Answer 5

CNS

brain and spinal cord

Question 6

Transmit from CNS and send it to

Answer 6

muscles, glands, organs

Question 7

Central nervous system containts

Answer 7

brain and spinal cord

like axial skeleton

Question 8

Peripheral nervous system contains

Answer 8

cranial and spinal nerves

branches out to limbs

Question 9

2 types of PNS

Answer 9

1. Somatic ns

2. Autonomic ns

Question 10

Somatic nervous system (2)

Answer 10

skeleton, skeletal muscles, most of skin

VOLUNTARY

Question 11

Autonomic nervous system (2)

Answer 11

smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, part of skin

INVOLUNTARY

Question 12

2 divisions of autonimic ns

Answer 12

1. Sympathetic division: fight or flight

2. Parasympathetic division: body returns to homeostasis

Question 13

All senses get heightened using the sympathetic division except

Answer 13

the GI tract shuts down

Question 14

Neurons (4)

Answer 14

1. 20-25% of total nerve cells
2. respond to stimuli
3. conduct action potentials
4. release chemical regulators

Question 15

Sensory neurons

Answer 15

afferent

Question 16

Motor neurons

Answer 16

efferent

Question 17

Glial cells (3)

Answer 17

1. 75-80% of nerve cells
2. structural support for neurons
3. do NOT produce action potentials

Question 18

Types of glial cells:

Schwann cells

Answer 18

produce myelin sheath in PNS

myelin insulates the axon

Question 19

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 19

produce myelin sheath in CNS

Question 20

Astrocytes

Answer 20

anchor neurons to their nutrient supplies

MOST COMMON TYPE

Question 21

Microglia

Answer 21

monitors health of neurons

gobbles up waste in neuron

Question 22

Ependymal cells

Answer 22

CNS ONLY

on ventricles of the brain

produce cerebrospinal fluid

Question 23

Neuron structure:

Cell body/soma

Answer 23

cont. organelles

Question 24

Dendrites

Answer 24

receive info

Question 25

Axon

Answer 25

conducts action potential

Question 26

Axon hillock

Answer 26

responsible for the initiation of the action potential

Question 27

Neurilemma (myelin sheath)

Answer 27

insulates the axon PNS

Question 28

Axon terminal

Answer 28

secretes neurtransmitters

Question 29

Multipolar neurons (2)

Answer 29

1. Most common | 2. Found: CNS to skeletal muscle

Question 30

Bipolar neurons (2)

Answer 30

1. Least common | 2. Found: retina of eye

Question 31

Unipolar neurons

Answer 31

Found: visual and auditory senses

Question 32

Depolarization

Answer 32

cell becoming more POS

Question 33

Repolarization

Answer 33

cell becoming more NEG

Question 34

Hyperpolarization

Answer 34

cell becoming SUPER NEG

Question 35

Effector

Answer 35

muscle, organ, or gland

Question 36

2 types of potentials

Answer 36

1. Graded potential | 2. Action potential

Question 37

Graded potential (3)

Answer 37

1. steps 1-2 on drawing 2. short-lived 3. decrease in intensity with distance

Question 38

Action potential (3)

Answer 38

1. steps 2-6 on drawing 2. does NOT decrease in strength over distance 3. "All or none" law (with threshold)

Question 39

Node of Ranvier

Answer 39

the gaps along the myelin sheath

Question 40

Non-myelinated takes _____ to conduct velocity

Answer 40

longer (because of the gaps)

Question 41

Synapses

Answer 41

a GAP that mediates TRANSFER from one neuron to 1. another neuron 2. an effector cell

Question 42

2 classifications of synapses

Answer 42

1. Presynaptic neuron | 2. Postynaptic neuron

Question 43

Presynaptic neuron

Answer 43

the neuron BEFORE the synapse sends impulse

Question 44

Postsynaptic neuron

Answer 44

the neuron AFTER the synapse received impulse, sends new message

Question 45

Types of synapses (5)

Answer 45

1. Axodendritic: axon-dendrite 2. Axosomatic: axon-soma 3. Axoaxonic: axon-axon 4. Dendrodendritic: dendrite-dendrite 5. Dendrosomatic: dendrites-soma

Question 46

Removal of neurotransmitters occur when they (3)

Answer 46

1. Are degraded by enzymes 2. reabsorbed by astrocytes or presynaptic terminals 3. diffuse from the synaptic cleft *

Question 47

2 types of POSTsynaptic potentials

Answer 47

1. EPSP 2. IPSP (before the threshold)

Question 48

EPSP - excitatory postsynaptic potentials

Answer 48

determines if action potential will reach threshold CAN generate action potential

Question 49

IPSP - inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

Answer 49

NEVER get an action potential from IPSP basically hyperpolarization

Question 50

Excitatory neurotransmitters (4)

Answer 50

1. ACh- excites muscles, nerves 2. Norepinephrine- fight/flight hormones 3. Epinephrine- fight/flight ^ 4. Dopamine- pain relief

Question 51

Excitatory AND Inhibitory neurotransmitters (2)

Answer 51

1. Histamine- triggers inflammation | 2. P-substances- pain relief

Question 52

Spatial summation (2)

Answer 52

1. postsynaptic potential | 2. almost will NEVER induce an action potential in a neron

Question 53

Temporal summation (2)

Answer 53

1. postsynaptic potential | 2. RAPID FIRE