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N320 Biology Honors > Biology4-2 > Flashcards

Biology4-2 Flashcards

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1
Q

reactants of photosynthesis

A

light, carbon dioxide, and water

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2
Q

products of photosynthesis

A

carbohydrates and oxygen

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3
Q

reactants of the light reactions

A

H20, light, NADP+, ADP+P

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4
Q

products of the light reactions

A

ATP, NADPH, O2

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5
Q

reactants of the Calvin Cycle

A

CO2, ATP, NADPH

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6
Q

products of the Calvin Cycle

A

sugar, NADP+, ADP+P

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7
Q

Why must photosynthesis produce sugar instead of directly outputting ATP or NADPH to the cell?

A

ATP and NADPH cannot be stored for later use

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8
Q

stomata

A

hole in leaf that allows H2) and O2 to move out and CO2 to move in

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9
Q

cuticle

A

waxy outer layer that prevents water loss

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10
Q

guard cells

A

open stomata when there is H2) present

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11
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

contains cells with chloroplasts

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12
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

provides air space within leaf

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13
Q

vein

A

transports H20 and nutrients to plant

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14
Q

xylem

A

transports nutrients within plant veins

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15
Q

phloem

A

transports water within plant veins

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16
Q

upper/lower epidermis

A

outer cell layers of the leaf

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17
Q

bundle sheath

A

surround vein in C4 plants

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18
Q

outer membrane

A

outer phospholipid bilayer of a chloroplast

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19
Q

intermembrane space

A

open region between the two phosopholipid bilayers of a chloroplast

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20
Q

inner membrane

A

inner phospholipid bilayer of a chloroplast

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21
Q

stroma

A

aqueous fluid (comprised mostly of water) that makes up the interior of a chloroplast; where the Calvin Cycle occurs; contains enzymes needed for Calvin Cycle, cpDNA, cpRNA, and cp ribosomes

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22
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

A

in the stroma

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23
Q

lumen

A

space inside a thylakoid

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24
Q

thylakoid membrane

A

contains chlorophyll pigments; where light reactions occur

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25
Where do the light reactions occur?
in the thylakoid membrane
26
granum
stack of thylakoids
27
lamellae
long structures connecting thylakoids
28
starch molecule
a product of the Calvin Cycle
29
cp ribosome
makes cp proteins
30
cpDNA
the chloroplast's own DNA
31
cpRNA
instructions to make proteins within the chloroplast
32
plastoglobule
drop of lipids; product of Calvin Cycle
33
Where are pigments found in the chloroplast?
the thylakoids
34
What are stacks of thylakoids called?
grana
35
Where are the thylakoids found in bacteria cells?
in the cytoplasm
36
Where are grana found?
within the chloroplasts of algae and plants
37
What is contained in the stroma?
enzymes needed for Calvin Cycle, cpDNA, cpRNA, and cp ribosomes
38
light
electric and magnetic vibrations
39
What determines the color and energy of waves in the electromagnetic spectrum?
wavelength
40
What wavelengths have lower energy?
long wavelengths have low energy
41
What wavelengths have higher energy?
short wavelengths have high energy
42
What frequencies have lower energy?
low frequencies have low energy
43
What frequencies have higher energy?
high frequencies have high energy
44
What wavelengths correspond to low frequencies?
long wavelengths correspond to low frequencies
45
What wavelengths correspond to high frequencies?
short wavelengths correspond to high frequencies
46
What frequencies correspond to long wavelengths?
low frequencies correspond to long wavelengths
47
What frequencies correspond to short wavelengths?
high frequencies correspond to short wavelengths
48
What are the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of least to most energy?
radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma
49
What is the order of the colors of the visible spectrum from lowest to greatest energy?
red, orange, yellow, blue, green, indigo, and violet
50
pigments
molecules that change when they absorb visible light (release e-) (the change may be reversed)
51
What spectrums would provide the greatest energy for living organisms?
UV, x-ray, and gamma
52
Why can organisms not use UV, x-ray, and gamma to get more energy than from visible light?
nothing has evolved that can absorb the energy without being harmed or mutated
53
What are the pigments in chloroplasts?
chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, carotenoids, and rhodopsin
54
What colors of light does chlorophyll A absorb?
violet, blue, orange, and red light
55
What colors of light does chlorophyll B absorb?
blue, indigo, and some orange and red light
56
What color of light do carotenoids absorb?
all colors of light except green, red, and yellow
57
What type of pigment are carotenoids?
accessory pigments
58
What is special about carotenoids?
they break down later in the year, giving plants their fall colors
59
Where is rhodopsin found?
some bacteria and the eyes of animals
60
Why do plants have multiple pigments?
to avoid wasted energy
61
What affects the light absorbed by different pigment molecules?
the size of the pigment molecules
62
What are the three major energy conversions in photosynthesis?
absorption of light energy, conversion of light energy into chemical energy, storage of chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates
63
What are the two major reaction groups in photosynthesis?
light reactions and the Calvin Cycle
64
What happens in the light reactions?
- pigment molecules absorb light in the thylakoid membrane- water is split into 2H-, 2e-, and 1/2O2- light in converted to chemical energy in photosystems
65
What happens in the Calvin Cycle?
3-carbon sugars are created from the chemical energy from the light reactions and CO2- 3-carbon sugars combine to produce 6-carbon sugars (glucose)
66
What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + H2) --> C6H12O6 + 602
67
How many Calvin Cycles does it take to produce a 12 carbon sugar?
4

N320 Biology Honors (15 decks)

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