BiologyC5Swavely

Question 1

cell respiration

Answer 1

A series of oxidative reactions by which cells gradually release energy from glucose and transfer it to molecules of ATP

Question 2

aerobic

Answer 2

Chemical reactions that require the presence of oxygen

Question 3

anaerobic

Answer 3

Chemical reactions that do not require oxygen.

Question 4

metabolism

Answer 4

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Question 5

oxidation

Answer 5

A chemical change in which a substance combines with oxygen,and the substance loses electrons

Question 6

cell respiration equation

Answer 6

602 + C6H12O6 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Question 7

glycolysis

Answer 7

Catabolism of glucose or other monosaccharides to pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATP in the absence of oxygen or presence of oxygen

Question 8

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Answer 8

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

Question 9

NAD+

Answer 9

(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) electron carrier involved in glycolysis, oxidized form of NADH

Question 10

FAD

Answer 10

flavin adenine dinucleotide, a compound that acts as a hydrogen acceptor in dehydrogenation reactions; oxidized form of FADH2

Question 11

electron transport system

Answer 11

a series of electron carrier molecules found in the inner membrane of mitochondria, that extract energy from electrons and generate ATP or other energetic molecules.

Question 12

FADH2

Answer 12

A molecule that stores energy for harvest by the electron transport chain. Equivalent to 2 ATP

Question 13

NADH

Answer 13

An energy-carrying coenzyme produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. NADH carries energy to the electron transport chain, where it is stored in ATP. Equivalent to 3 ATP

Question 14

lactate (lactic acid)

Answer 14

A 3-Carbon compound produced from pyruvate during anaerobic metabolism.

Question 15

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 15

Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, with no release of carbon dioxide.

Question 16

mitochondria

Answer 16

Organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities.

Question 17

catalyze

Answer 17

To speed up, change the rate of

Question 18

acetate (acetic acid)

Answer 18

molecule that enters the Krebs cycle and is carried by CoA

Question 19

coenzyme A

Answer 19

A nonprotein molecule that is required for many cellular reactions involving transfer of acetyl groups (-COCH3).

Question 20

citrate (citric acid)

Answer 20

A 6-carbon molecule; it is synthesized from oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA in the first step of the Krebs Cycle.

Question 21

ketoglutarate

Answer 21

The start point of simple amino acid synthisis, and also a member of the Kreb’s cycle. Has 5 carbons

Question 22

oxaloacetate

Answer 22

A four-carbon molecule that binds with the two-carbon acetyl unit of acetyl-CoA to form citric acid in the first step of the Krebs cycle.

Question 23

cytochrome

Answer 23

An iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria

Question 24

pyruvate

Answer 24

Organic compound with a backbone of three carbon atoms. Two molecules form as end products of glycolysis

Question 25

facultative aerobes

Answer 25

can live with or without oxygen

Question 26

obligate aerobes

Answer 26

An organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it.

Question 27

obligate anaerobes

Answer 27

Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

Question 28

ethanol fermentation

Answer 28

A type of yeast anerobic metabolism in which pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide for the purpose of regenerating NAD+ to keep glycolysis going and at least yield 2 net ATP.

Question 29

phosphorylation

Answer 29

The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule.

Question 30

acetic acid fermentation

Answer 30

If oxygen is in short Supply, the pyruvic acid made in glycolysis will be converted to acetic acid. Bacteria can change alcohol to vinegar

Question 31

ATP synthetase

Answer 31

an enzyme complex in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion and the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that catalyzes the formation of ATP.

Question 32

matrix

Answer 32

Krebs cycle location

Question 33

cytoplasm

Answer 33

location of glycolysis

Question 34

cristae

Answer 34

Foldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondria that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

Question 35

enzyme cascade

Answer 35

sequence of reactions triggered by an activated visual pigment molecule that results in signal transduction and amplifies production of the enzyme needed

Question 36

epinephrine

Answer 36

Adrenalin

Question 37

protein kinase

Answer 37

An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein.

Question 38

hydrolysis

Answer 38

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Question 39

PFK

Answer 39

Rate determining enzyme for glycolysis, stimulated by ADP and suppressed by ATP; phosphofructokinase

Question 40

glycogen

Answer 40

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

Question 41

leptin

Answer 41

A hormone produced by fat cells that acts in the brain to inhibit hunger and regulate body weight

Question 42

biosynthesis

Answer 42

Making of complex molecules for cellular structure

Question 43

cyanide

Answer 43

An extremely poisonous salt of hydrocyanic acid.

Question 44

38 ATP

Answer 44

ATP made in aerobic respiration

Question 45

2 net ATP

Answer 45

How many ATP are made in the glycolysis part of cellular respiration

Question 46

8 NADH

Answer 46

Amount of NADH produced in Krebs cycle

Question 47

2 FADH2

Answer 47

Amount of FADH2 produced in Krebs cycle

Question 48

2 NADH

Answer 48

Amount of NADH produced in Glycolysis

Question 49

ATP

Answer 49

Main energy source that cells use for most of their work.(adenosine triphosphate)

Question 50

decarboxylation

Answer 50

The removal of CO2 from a molecule

Question 51

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 51

A process occurring in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that results in the formation of ATP from the flow of electrons across the inner membrane to bind with oxygen.

Question 52

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 52

ATP synthesis is directly coupled with the decomposition of glucose without the participation of an intermediate molecule like NAD⁺ during the Krebs cycle.