BiologyC3Swavely

Question 1

phospholipid

Answer 1

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

Question 2

osmosis

Answer 2

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 3

cell membrane

Answer 3

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Question 4

diffusion

Answer 4

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Question 5

selectively permeable

Answer 5

A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot

Question 6

concentration gradient

Answer 6

A difference in concentration between two areas.

Question 7

active transport

Answer 7

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using ATP

Question 8

passive transport

Answer 8

Requires no ATP; movement of molecules from high to low concentration, moves down the concentration gradient

Question 9

symport

Answer 9

A membrane transport process that carries two substances in the same direction across the membrane.

Question 10

antiport

Answer 10

A membrane transport process that carries one substance in one direction and another in the opposite direction.

Question 11

facilitated diffusion

Answer 11

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Question 12

aquaporin

Answer 12

A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane

Question 13

turgor pressure

Answer 13

Pressure that is exerted on the inside of cell walls and that is caused by the movement of water into the cell

Question 14

transport protein

Answer 14

A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane.

Question 15

cytoplasm

Answer 15

The fluid and the organelles inside the cell

Question 16

cytosol

Answer 16

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Question 17

glycoprotein

Answer 17

A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.

Question 18

glycolipid

Answer 18

carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipids

Question 19

polar

Answer 19

Describes a molecule with opposite charges on opposite ends.

Question 20

nonpolar

Answer 20

a molecule in which all atoms have the same electronegativity and the electron distribution is equal

Question 21

cholesterol

Answer 21

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.

Question 22

hypertonic

Answer 22

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Question 23

isotonic

Answer 23

Describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

Question 24

hypotonic

Answer 24

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another.

Question 25

phagocytosis

Answer 25

A type of endocytosis in which cells engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris

Question 26

pinocytosis

Answer 26

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

Question 27

endocytosis

Answer 27

Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane. Active transport

Question 28

exocytosis

Answer 28

An active transport mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.

Question 29

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 29

The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.

Question 30

coupled reaction

Answer 30

reactions that occur in the same place, at the same time, and in such a way that an energy-releasing (exergonic) reaction drives an energy requiring (endergonic) reaction.

Question 31

gills

Answer 31

Extensions of the body containing thin-walled blood vessels that allow for easy absorption of oxygen from the outside surface

Question 32

counter current exchange

Answer 32

2 substances (blood & water) flowing in opposite directions of each other that maximize a gradient for exchange

Question 33

spiracles

Answer 33

breathing tubes of insects located on abdomen

Question 34

stomata

Answer 34

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.

Question 35

guard cells

Answer 35

The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.

Question 36

transpiration

Answer 36

Process by which water that is absorbed by plants, usually through the roots, is evaporated into the atmosphere

Question 37

respiratory system

Answer 37

A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Question 38

lung

Answer 38

pair of spongy organs of respiration in which blood is aerated

Question 39

diaphragm

Answer 39

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

Question 40

intercostals

Answer 40

A group of several muscles that run in between the ribs. Help expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity when you breathe.

Question 41

scalenes

Answer 41

3 muscles on each side of neck; that help with breathing

Question 42

alveoli

Answer 42

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

Question 43

cuticle

Answer 43

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.

Question 44

homeostasis

Answer 44

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Question 45

contractile vacuole

Answer 45

saclike organelles that expand to collect excess water and contract to squeeze the water out of the cell

Question 46

lysis

Answer 46

destruction of cells such as blood cells or bacteria

Question 47

urea

Answer 47

A waste product of protein breakdown, produced by the liver and relased into the bloodstream to be eliminated by the kidney.

Question 48

uric acid

Answer 48

An insoluble precipitate of nitrogenous waste excreted by land snails, insects, birds, & some reptiles

Question 49

kidney

Answer 49

Filters waste from the blood like urea, water, salt and proteins.

Question 50

nephron

Answer 50

Functional unit of the kidney

Question 51

glomerulus

Answer 51

A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney.

Question 52

loop of henle

Answer 52

-u-shaped turn located in the convoluted tubule of the kidney located between the proximal & distal tubule

Question 53

adrenal gland

Answer 53

A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones such as aldosterone

Question 54

aldosterone

Answer 54

Potassium-releasing hormone. Acts on the protein gates of the DCT and prevents hyperkalemia.

Question 55

anti-diuretic hormone

Answer 55

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that increases the permeability of cells membranes, so they absorb more water, especially from urine, that results in small amounts of concentrated urine

Question 56

urinary system

Answer 56

a system that helps maintain the water and electrolyte (sodium, chloride, potassium) balance within the body; regulates the acid-base balance of the blood, and removes nitrogen-containing wastes (byproducts of the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids) from the body.