BISCI FINAL EXAM Flashcards
1
Q
isotonic solutions
A
the water is equal inside and outside the cell
2
Q
metabolism
A
includes the sum of the chemical reactions that occur within a cell
3
Q
homeostasis
A
the ability of living things to maintain an internal environment that operates under specific conditions
4
Q
isotopes
A
differ due to the number of neutrons
5
Q
acidic solution
A
the number of H+ is greater than the number of OH-
6
Q
formed elements and plasma
A
blood is composed of what
7
Q
hemoglobin
A
RBC contain this that carries oxygen to the bloodstream
8
Q
atomic number
A
proteins are the same # as
9
Q
a buffer
A
maintains the pH within a normal range which is required for homeostasis
10
Q
positive feedback system
A
results in increasing change in the same direction
11
Q
platelets
A
clotting of the blood
12
Q
WBC
A
blood dealing with immune system
13
Q
neutral
A
p+ = e-
14
Q
pH scale
A
ranges 0-14
15
Q
7
A
neutral number on pH scale
16
Q
0-7
A
acid on pH scale
- pH down
- H+ up
- OH- down
17
Q
7-14
A
basic on pH scale
- pH up
- H+ down
- OH- up
18
Q
negative feedback
A
system that results in change in opposite direction
19
Q
O-
A
dude has type O- blood and needs transfusion, what type of blood can he receive?
20
Q
- right atrium
- right ventricle
- pulm arteries
- lungs
- pulm veins
- left atrium
- left ventricle
- aorta
A
passage thru heart (8)
21
Q
- glomerulus
- proximal convoluted tubule
- descending limb of loop
- ascending limb of loop
- distal convoluted tubule
- collecting duct
A
nephron in order of how filtration would occur (6)
22
Q
he will have both B antigens and Rh antigens on his RBC, and antibodies against A
A
dude has type B blood, what will his blood contain?
23
Q
passive immunity
A
- an injection of serum that contains antibodies (taking antibiotics)
- immunoglobulin injections
- breast feeding
- cytonkines
- monoclonal antibodies
24
Q
active immunity
A
involves making your own antibodies against an antigen, whether it is introduced via infection(exposure) or a vaccination
- recovery from disease
- vaccines
- dependent on the presence of memory B and T cells
25
surfactant
what is missing in infant respiratory distress syndrome?
26
1. mouth
2. pharynx
3. esophagus
4. stomach
5. small intestine
6. large intestine
7. rectum
8. anus
digestive system (8)
27
BMI
gives you an idea of how much of your weight is due to adipose tissue (body fat). this can vary depending on your fitness, bone structure, or gender
28
increasing CO2
when breathing into a paper bag after hyperventilating, are you increasing or decreasing CO2?
29
hypovent
breathing too slow (CO2 up)
30
hypervent
breathing too fast (CO2 down)
31
urinary system
filters out bloodstream
32
kidney
wants to keep glucose
33
arteries
taking away blood from heart
34
veins
putting blood into heart
35
atrium
two top layers of heart
36
ventricles
two bottom layers of heart
37
right
blood enters heart on left or right?
38
pancreas
both insulin and glucagon are secreted by ---------- directly into the bloodstream
39
1. hematoma
2. fibrocartilage callus
3. bony callas
4. remodeling
4 steps of bone repair
40
the blood glucose levels are very high in both
what does type 1 and 2 diabetes have in common
41
exocrine gland
pancreas delivers its product thru a duct
42
endocrine gland
pancreas delivers its product to the bloodstream
43
ATP
energy protein
44
nearsighted
can see close objects better
45
farsighted
can see objects better at a distance
46
insulin
is secreted when the blood glucose level is high
47
tendons
connects muscle to bone
48
ligaments
connects bone to bone
49
interneurons
CNS reflex artery
50
sensory neurons
bring info into the CNS
51
motor neurons
decides to react from the CNS
52
cones
detects color in retina layer
53
rods
detects shapes and outlines in the retina layer
54
karyotype
a display of chromosomes
55
nervous system
first system to become visibly differentiated
56
fertilization
the union of the sperm and egg
57
pap test
early detection of cervical cancer by what test
58
implantation
embryonic development begins at
59
non-disfunction
the failure of chromosomes to separate during anti phase
60
23 pairs
how many chromosomes does a human have
61
bacterial and curable
chlamydia is what type of infection
62
gene expression
describes how cells display their genetic characteristics
63
fetal development
development that is after embryo implants and last from the 3rd thru the 9th month
64
virus and not curable
genital herps is what type of infection
65
phenotype
physical appearance
66
zygote
results from the union of a sperm with 23 chrome and an egg with 23 chrome
67
meiosis
cuts chromosomes in 1/2
-interphase
-cell division
=cell cycle
68
mitosis
growth and repair
69
DNA
- double stranded
| - deoxyribose
70
RNA
- single stranded
| - ribose
71
transcription
copy DNA
72
translation
read copy of DNA
73
innate
nonspecific pathogen
74
active immunity
specific pathogen (T and B lymph)
75
20 years
emerging disease
76
T cells
HIV virus target what helper cells
77
virus no cure
genital warts is what type of infection
78
bacterial with a cure
gonneria is what type of infection
79
carcinomas or melanoma
cancers of the epithelial tissue
80
1. change in bowl or bladder habits
2. a sore that does not heal
3. unusual bleeding or discharge
4. thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
5. indigestion or difficulty swallowing
6. obvious change in wart/mole
7. nagging cough or hoarseness
7 warning signs of cancer
81
1. A-symmetry
2. border
3. color
4. diameter
4 things to check in moles
82
monthly
self exam yourself for cancer how often
83
age 50
you should begin to get checked for colon cancer at what age
84
gonorrhea
STD resistant to antibiotic therapy
85
HPV
genital warts is caused by what
86
epidemics
more cases of the disease than expected in a certain area for a certain period, more widespread
87
outbreak
the epidemic is confined to a local area
88
pandemic
a disease that occurs worldwide, a global epidemic
89
virus
- acellular (not composed of cells)
- obligate parasites (must replicate inside a living cell)
- made of capsid and inner core
90
Phase of HIV infection
| Category A
- acute phase
| - asymptomatic but highly infectious
91
Phase of HIV infection
| Category B
- chronic phase
| - has one or more of a variety of symptoms related to an impaired immune system
92
Phase of HIV infection
| Category C
- AIDS
| - has one or more of the opportunistic infections that eventually cause death
93
HIV
- made up of two single strands of RNA
- enveloped with spikes
- carries three enzymes (reverse transcriptase, intergrase, protease)
- treated with drug therapy and vaccines
94
Bacteria
- 10x larger than viruses and are prokaryotypes
| - cellular but lack membrane-bound nucleus
95
opportunistic pathogen
when it penetrates the skin or invades other parts of the body, a staph infection may result
96
tuberculosis
- caused by rod-shaped bacterium
- spread thru cough, sings, or sneezes
- lasts 4-12 weeks
- it takes at least 6 months to kill all the bacteria in the body
97
malaria
- transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito
| - flu like symptoms
98
immune system
consists of lymphatic organs, tissues, and cells as well as products of these cells
99
red bone marrow
- primary lymphatic organ
| - site of stem cells that are capable of dividing and producing blood cells
100
thymus gland
- primary lymphatic organ
| - where T lymphs mature
101
spleen
- secondary lymph organ
| - lymphocytes react to pathogens and macropages engulf debris and remove any old, worn out RBC
102
lymph nodes
- secondary lymph organ
| - T lymphocytes fight infection and attack cancer cells and macrophages engulf pathogens and debris
103
tonsils
- secondary lymph organ
| - first to encounter pathogens and foreign antigens
104
peyer`s patches
- secondary lymph organ
| - encounter pathogens that enter the body by way of the intestinal tract
105
innate
non-specific defenses
106
1. skin
2. mucus membrane
3. sebum
4. ciliated cells
5. HCL
6. normal flora
non-specific defenses barriers (6)
1. effective if unbroken
2. mucus traps germs and debris
3. contains chemicals that weaken or kill certain bacteria on the skin
4. sweep mucus and trapped particles up into the throat
5. inhibits growth and kills many types of bacteria
6. keeps pathogens from taking up residence
107
inflammatory reaction "call to arms"
sends phagocytic WBC to the site of bacterial invasion and stimulates the immune system to react against a possible infection
- neutrophils
- macrophages
108
compliment proteins
plasma proteins that poke holes in bacterial walls allowing fluids and salts to enter until the cell eventually bursts
109
T-cells
provide cell mediated immunity (CMI) and are unable to recognize foreign antigens without help
