ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (5)

Question 1

exocrine glands

Answer 1

secrete hormone into ducts (direct to target)

and digest enzymes into small intestine

Question 2

endocrine glands

Answer 2

secrete hormones into blood stream and controls blood sugar

Question 3

endocrine glands

Answer 3

ductless glands that produce regulating hormones, which along with the nervous system, control other organ systems of the body

• response is slow and long lasting
• controlled by negative feedback

Question 4

chemical signal hormone (endocrine)

Answer 4

a means of communication between cells, between body parts, and between individuals

Question 5

pheromones hormone (endocrine)

Answer 5

affect metabolism and influence the behavior of other individuals

Question 6

peptide hormones (endocrine)*

Answer 6

bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane causing the formation of cAMP which activates an enzyme cascade (dominos)

Question 7

steroid hormones (endocrine)*

Answer 7

affect gene activity and protein synthesis (have to be on a nucleus)

Question 8

hypothalamus

Answer 8

regulates the internal environment thru the autonomic nervous system

• controls grandular secretions of the pituitary gland
• helps control the heartbeat
• helps control body temp
• helps control water balance

Question 9

posterior pituitary (backside)

Answer 9

• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): regulates water reabsorption (H2O is returned to the bloodstream)
• oxytocin: stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth and milk release
• controlled by positive feedback

Question 10

anterior pituitary (frontside)

Answer 10

• gonadotropic hormones: stimulate the gonads to produce gametes and hormones
• prolactin (PRL): causes mammary glands to develop and produce milk
• melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH): causes skin cells to produce melanin
• growth hormone (GH): promotes skeletal and muscular growth

Question 11

pituitary dwarfism

Answer 11

perfect proportions but small stature (too little GH during childhood)

Question 12

giantism

Answer 12

too much GH during childhood and usually characterized by poor health

Question 13

acromegaly

Answer 13

the feet, hands, and face become overly large (too much GH during adulthood)

Question 14

thyroid gland

Answer 14

large gland located below the larynx

Question 15

thyroxine

Answer 15

regulates metabolism

Question 16

calcitonin

Answer 16

lowers blood calcium levels

Question 17

simple goiter

Answer 17

enlarged gland due to lack of iodine in the diet

Question 18

cretinism

Answer 18

too little thyroxine during childhood (short, stalky mentally retarded individuals)

Question 19

myxedema

Answer 19

too little thyroxine during adulthood (lethargy, loss of hair, and thickness and puffiness of the skin)

Question 20

graves disease

Answer 20

hyperthyroidism (goiter, eyes protrude, nervous, and suffers from insomnia)

Question 21

parathyroid glands

Answer 21

embedded in the lobes of the thyroid gland and hormone raises blood calcium levels in blood

Question 22

adrenal glands

Answer 22

sit on top of the kidneys

Question 23

adrenal medulla: epinephrine

Answer 23

prepares the body for quick reaction action. fight or flight mode. short term response to stress

Question 24

addison disease

Answer 24

hypo-secretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex, characterized by bronzing of the skin

Question 25

cushing syndrome

Answer 25

hyersecretion of the adrenal cortex (trunk is obese while arms and legs remain normal size)

Question 26

pancreas*

Answer 26

lies transversely between the kidneys and near duodenum

Question 27

insulin

Answer 27

lowers blood glucose levels in the blood (target areas-liver, muscle, and adipose tissue cells)

Question 28

glucagon

Answer 28

raises blood glucose levels of the blood (target tissues- liver and adipose)

Question 29

type 1 diabetes*

Answer 29

pancreas is not producing insulin - high blood sugar - hyperglycemia

Question 30

type 2 diabetes*

Answer 30

inability of cells to respond to insulin (cells do not have enough insulin receptors) - most common type - hypoglycemia - low blood sugar

Question 31

gonads

Answer 31

reproductive organs

Question 32

thymus gland

Answer 32

lies behind the sternum - secretes thymosin which stimulates T cell lymphocyte development - large and most active in children

Question 33

pineal gland

Answer 33

- located in the brain | - secretes melatonin which is involved in our daily sleep cycle and also regulates sexual development

Question 34

homeostasis

Answer 34

the nervous and endocrine systems exert control over the other systems