Blood Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
Blood is a specialized form of
A
CT that comprises ~10% body weight
2
Q
Some major functions of blood
A
- Gas exchange (O2 carried by hemoglobin; CO2 carried by hemoglobin and plasma)
- Transport nutrients from GI tract to all cells
- Transport cellular waste products to organs for elimination
- Transport hormones, metabolites, electrolytes
- Cellular defense (immunity)
- Regulation of body temp
- Homeostasis of body fluid pH and osmotic pressure
3
Q
What’s the composition of blood
A
Plasma (55%) and formed elements(45%)
4
Q
Composition of plasma (in blood)
A
- Water (91%)
- Solutes (nutrients, wastes, blood gases, electrolytes, regulatory molecules)
- Proteins (albumin, fibrinogens, globulins, clotting factors)
5
Q
Composition of formed elements (in blood)
A
AKA hematocrit
- Erythrocytes- 5x10^6/mm3
- Leukocytes-5-10x10^3/mm3
- Thrombocytes/platelets-150-200x10^3/mm3
6
Q
From which embryonic germ layer is blood derived?
A
mesoderm
7
Q
List plasma proteins
A
Albumin: 65% osmolarity and viscosity
Globulins: transport and storage proteins
–>Transferrins transports iron in blood
–>Ferritin stores iron in liver and marrow
Fibrinogens: clotting proteins
8
Q
Liver is a source of what plasma proteins
A
Albumin Globulins (AB)*** Clotting proteins (fibrinogen)*** Complement proteins Plasma lipoproteins
9
Q
Fxn of albumin
A
Maintains colloid osmotic pressure and transports certain insoluble metabolites
10
Q
Fxn of globulins
A
AB
Transport metal ions, protein-bound lipids, and lipid-soluble vitamins
11
Q
Fxn of clotting proteins
A
Formation of fibrin threads
12
Q
Fxn of C’ proteins
A
Destruction of microorganisms and initiation of inflammatino
13
Q
Fxn of lipoproteins
A
Transport triglycerides to liver or from liver to body cells
Transport cholestrol from liver to body cells
14
Q
Lymphocyes are a source for what plasma proteins
A
Globulins (AB)
15
Q
Plasma vs Serum
-Which is acellular
A
Both
16
Q
Plasma vs serum
-Which is from clotted blood
A
Serum (can collect w/o anticoagulant)
Need anticoagulant for plasma
17
Q
Plasma vs serum
-Which has fibrinogen
A
Plasma
18
Q
Plasma vs serum
-Collection tubes
A
Plasma- purple/green
Serum-red/blank
19
Q
Anticoagulant for plasma
A
EDTA
Heparin
20
Q
Formed element for gaseous exchange; maintain pH
A
erythrocytes
21
Q
Formed element for cells of defense/immunity
A
leukocytes
22
Q
Formed element thats fragment of megakaryocytes and facilitate blood clotting
A
platelets/thrombocytes
23
Q
T/F formed elements vary percentages vary across species
A
T
24
Q
Reticulocytes are what percent of RBC count
A
LESS THAN 1 PERCENT
25
Structure of erythrocytes
- nucleated
- organelles
- shape
- length
- cell volume
- Non nucleated in mammalian adults (nucleated in fetus)
- Lack organelles (no protein synthesis/replacement of enzymes)
- Disk shape/biconcave and highly deformable
- 5-7microm long, 2micom at widest part
- Hemoglobin 1/3 of cell volume (made during hemopoiesis)
26
Hemoglobin forms
When bound to O2=OXYHEMOGLOBIN
When bound to CO2=CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN
When bound to CO (high affinity)= CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (bad)
27
Fxn of gas exchange in RBC (4)
- Shape
- Hemoglobin binding
- Enzyme
- Deformability
1-Shape produces high SA:volume ratio for gas exchange (reason for non-nuc more room)
2-Hemoglobin binds to O2 and CO2
3-Carbonic anhydrase converts CO2-->HCO3 which is transported across RBC membrane by band 3 protein for exhalation by lung
4-Deformability allows passage through capillaries (lumen is smaller than RBC diamter)
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Where are RBC when they conduct their fxn
Blood vessels
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Life span of RBC
3 mo
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RBC cell membrane
| -Helps maintain shape of cell
-Transmembrane proteins and cytoskeleton. Also stabilize cell against shearing forces of blood flow and allows deformability
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Examples of cell mem proteins (3)
Na+/K+ ATPase (ion channel)
Band 3 protein (anchors and transports things)
Cytoskeletal proteins
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Blood type dependent on
CH20 chains on CM that act as Ag
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Blood type of dogs
| -most popular
DEA 1.1+ or 1.1-
40% are +
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Blood type of cats
A (95%)
B(LESS 5 PERCENT)
AB (RARE)
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Specie with the most RBC
Goat (14 million)
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Avg #RBC in species
5 million
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Specie with smallest RBC
Goat (4.1 microm)
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Specie with longest RBC lifespan
| -Shortest
Cow (160 days)
| Cats (66-79 days)
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Anisocytosis
Variation in size of RBC
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Crenation
Shrinkage of cells in a hypertonic soln causing irregular margins and a # of prickly points yielding a stellate shape (echinocyte)
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Erythrocytopenia
Decrease # of RBC in blood
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Erythrocytosis
Increase RBC above normal and associated with increase in total blood volume
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Hemolysis
Destruction of RBC w/release of hemoglobin into medium in which RBC are suspended
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Howell-Jolly bodies
Small, round, densely staining bodies in RBC that are considered nuclear remnants
45
Macrocyte
RBC having diameter exceeding normal range
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Microcyte
RBC having diameter below normal range
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Poikilocytosis
RBC with abnormal shapes
48
Reticulocyte
Any non-nucleated cell of RBC series in which one or more granules or fibrils are discernible
49
Target cell
RBC with a central rounded area of pigmented material surrounded by a clear zone w/o pigment and a dense ring of cytoplasm
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Leukocytes perform their fxn where
outside of blood vessel
In CT/paranchyma
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Structure off leukocytes
Single nucles and primary granules (lysosomes)
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Types of granules
Primary (non-specific/azurophilic/lysosomes)
Secondary (specific)
Teritary
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Granulocytes
- Contain
- Examples
Have specific granules (secondary)
Have primary granules (lysosomes)
Have segmented/lobed nucleus
PMN, Eosinophil, basophil
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Agranulocytes
- Contain
- Examples
Have primary granules (primary/lysosomes)
Lymphocyte, monocyte
55
Trend with lymphocyte
| -->exception
2:1 (PMN: Lymphocyte)
Exception: cows and sheep
1:2 (PMN:Lymphocyte)
56
% in blood
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils
- 8%
- 1-7%
- LESS THAN ONE PERCENT
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PMN
- Granules
- Nucleus
- % in peripheral blood (variable) of WBC
- Time circulating blood
- Unique features
- Specific granules that don't stain well
- Segmented nucleus (more lobed=older cell)
- 30-60%
- Few hrs
- Few have drumstick chromosome. Females inactive X chromosome (Barr body)
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Fxn of PMN
Phagocytose/destroy bacteria (called microphage)
Goes to kill bacteria via chemotactic factors
Can release ROS
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PMN primary granules
Stir up an inflamm response
- lysosomes
- acid hydrolases
- collagenase, elastase, myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G
- defensins
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PMN secondary granules
Released into ECM
- bacteriocidal: lactoferrin, lysozyme, phagocytin
- Type IV collagenase (assists invasion into tissues)
- Alkaline phosphatase
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Once PMN die after killing bacteria
Form pus
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Eosinophil
- granules
- nucleus
- % in peripheral blood of WBC
- Time in blood circulation
- Specific granules vary in size depending on specie and stain pink (eosinophilic)
- Segmented nucleus
- 3-8%
- Few hrs
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Fxn of eosinophil
Phagocytose and destroy parasites and Ag-AB complexes
Attracted to sites by histamine, leukotrienes, and chemotactic factors
Release substances to inactivate inflamm factors (histamine/leukotrienes) that were secreted by mast cells and basophils.
64
Eosinophil primary granules AKA
Non-specific
| -Lysosomes (contain hydrolases): destroy Ag/AB complexes and parasites
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Eosinophil secondary granules AKA
- Released
- Examples (4)
-What surrounds internum
Specific
- Released in ECM
- Crystalloid "internum": contains major basic protein and eosinophilic cationic protein for destruction of parasites
- Histaminase (inactivates histamine)
- Arylsulfatase (inactivates leukotriene C)
- Hydrolases (cathepsins, peroxidase, ribonuclease, phospholipase)
Externum
66
Basophil secondary granules
- Stains/size
- nucleus
- % in peripheral blood of leukocytes
- Time in blood circulation
- Cell surface receptors
-Stain dark blue/black equal intensity of nucleus
Granules vary in size among species
-Segmented nucleus and may be obstructed by granules
-
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Fxn of basophils
Initiation of allergic/inflamm rxn
| Cell surface receptor IgE when bound to Ag stimulates degranulation and release of granules
68
Basophils have similar fxn to what cell
Mast cell
69
Basophil non-specific granules
Lysosomes- contain hydrolases
70
Basophil secondary granules
- release where
- examples
-ECM
- Histamine (increases vascular permeability, vasodilation, constriction of bronchioles, reduces blood volume, and can cause anaphylactic shock)
- Heparin, TNFalpha, IL-4,5,6, leukotrienes, peroxidase
- Chemotactic factors to attract eosinophils and PMN
71
Monocyte AKA
- Cell size
- Nucleus
- % in peripheral blood of WBC
- Unique IDs
- Stays in peripheral blood
- Where to perform fxn
Agranulocye
- Largest cell in peripheral blood (15-20 micrm)
- Large indented kidney bean shaped, ascentric, chromatin "soap bubble"
- 3-9%
- Vacuoles (blue grey in cytoplasm), lysosomes
- Few days
- Enters CT and differentiates into MQ (which phagocytose)
72
Fxn of monocyte/MQ
- Phagocytosis (bacteria, fungi, viruses)
- Cytokine production (mediates inflamm and tells other cells what to do)
- Ag presentation (present via MHC-II)
- Formation of Giatn MQ to phagocytose GIANT foreign material
73
Effector cells of immunology
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
74
Lymphcotes AKA
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- % in peripheral blood of WBC
Agranulocyte
- Round, slightly indented nucleus that occupies most of cell
- Scant cytoplasm stains light blue
- 30-60%
75
Subtypes of lymphocytes
- B lymphocytes (20%)- differentiate to plasma cells for AB production (humoral immunity)
- T lymphocytes (75%)-cell mediated immunity
- Null cells (5%) hemopoietic stem cells (HSC) and natural killer cells (NK)
76
Fxn of lymphocytes
- B and T cell proliferation when Ag stimulated
- ->Memory cells: respond to subsequent attack of particular substance
- ->Effector cells: immediate immune response
- B cells- transform to plasma cells to make AB
- T cells-transform to cytotoxic T cells and T helper cells for cell mediated immunity
77
Band
Immature granulocytic WBC that contains specific granules and an elongated nucleus that's uniform in thickness w/parallel sides. Nucleus "C" or "S" shaped
78
Granulocyte
Cells that contain specific granules
79
Granulocytosis
Presence of increased numbers of granulocytes in blood
80
Hemocytometer
Instrument for counting # of granulocytes in blood
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Leukemia
Neoplastic disease arising in hemopoietic tissue in which the type ells appear in blood or disseminated diffusely through the marrow
82
Leukocytosis
An increase in # of circulating WBC above normal range
83
Leukopenia
A decrease in # of circulating WBC below normal range
84
Stab cell
Synonymous with band cell used in Schilling's classification of PMN
85
Platelets
- nucleus
- derived from
- birds
- fxn
- non-nucleated
- megakaryocyte (bone marrow)
- thrombocytes fulfills fxn of platelet in bird
- Initiates blood clotting to limit and prevent hemorrhage
86
Platelets
- Hyalomere
- Granulomere
- Outer (peripheral) band of homogenous cytoplasm. Contains MT and actin and myosin monomers
- Central dark region that contains granules
87
Fxn of platelets
When vascular endothelial lining is disrupted (bleeding) platelets initiate clotting by becoming ACTIVATED
- ->adhere to subendothelial collagen
- ->release granule contents
- ->adhere to one another
88
What do endothelial cells produce to prevent platelet aggregation
Prostacyclins and NO2
89
T/F during injury, production of platelet aggregation inhibitors cease
T
90
How to make a blood smear
- Make single, thin layer of blood determined by acute angle
| - Stains:Wright stain (methylene blue and eosin)
91
Typical formation of horse blood
Rouleaux formation "poker chip"
92
Are Howell-Jolly bodies normal?
No
Pretty normal in cats (up to 1%)
