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Connective Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

Lamina lucida

A

Has adhesion molecules: integrins and laminin

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2
Q

Lamina densa

A

Has type IV collagen and fibronectin

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3
Q

Basal lamina

A

Lamina lucida + lamina densa
Acts as a filtration system and attachment point
Made primarily by epithelial cells

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4
Q

Lamina reticularis

A

Made by fibroblasts
Type III collagen=reticular fibers
Type IV and VII collagen=anchoring proteins

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5
Q

Basement membrane

A

Lamina Reticularis + Basal Lamina

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6
Q

Tendons you can find

A

DRCT made of type I collagen

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7
Q

What makes collagen?

A

Fibroblasts

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8
Q

How to best ID fibroblasts in DRCT in tendon

A

Oval/flattened shaped nuclei in boxcar effect

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9
Q

Type of stain used for elastic membranes?

A

Weigert’s resorcin fuschsin stain

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10
Q

Most abundant cell in connective tissue

A

fibroblast

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11
Q

DICT primary components

A

fibroblasts and collagen type I

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12
Q

Loose connective tissue is able to

A

Support tissue and provide space in ECM for occupancy of cells and passage of fluid or transport tissues

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13
Q

Which CT contains fewer fibers and more interfiber space

A

Loose CT

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14
Q

Fibroblasts are derived from

A

mesoderm

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15
Q

Connective tissue is derived from

A

mesoderm

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16
Q

T/F The supporting role of the stroma is usually but not always fulfilled by CT

A

True

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17
Q

Functions of CT (5)

A 
Structural support
Medium for nutrient waste exchange
Defense/Proection of body (physical & mediated actions)
Energy storage
Repair after injusry
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18
Q

Classification of CT (2)

A

Ordinary CT

Special CT

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19
Q

Types of special CT

A

adipose
blood
cartilage
bone

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20
Q

What is CT primarily made of?

A

ECM and cells

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21
Q

Categories of cells in CT

A

Fixed and transient cells

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22
Q

Components of ECM in CT

A

ECM=intercellular substance between and around cells

  • Fibers
  • Ground substance
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23
Q

Fibers in CT are

A

Formed elements that resist tensile forces

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24
Q

Ground substance in CT are

A

AKA amorphous material

Resist compressive forces

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25
Types of fibers in ECM
Collagen fiber Reticular fiber Elastic fiber
26
Collagen fibers
A part of ECM Most abundant protein in body Most abundant formed element (fiber) n body White gross color
27
Example of collagen fiber
Tendons
28
How to make collagen fibers
Transcription-->Translation After translation, preprocollagen molecule is made that's made of a polypeptide alpha chain with Gly, Pro, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine. 3 preprocollagen molecules will align with each other and assemble to form a tight helical structure called PROCOLLAGEN molecule Procollagen looks like tightly wound rope with frayed ends. Each propetide allows procollagen molecule to be solube and prevents spontaneous aggregation into collagen fibers within the cell When the procollagen is about to be secreted, the terminal protein is removed via PROCOLLAGEN PEPTIDASE. And yields TROPOCOLLAGEN Tropocollagen polymerizes in ECM to form FIBRILS FIBRILS polymerize to form COLLAGEN FIBERS
29
Overview of collagen synthesis
preprocollagen--> 3 preprocollagen-->procollagen-->tropocollagen-->fibrils-->collagen fiber
30
What removes terminal protein of procollagen
Procollagen peptidase
31
T/F Collagen fibers have great tensile strength
true
32
Hoe many types of collagen are there
28
33
Do collagen fibers have a long half life?
Yes-very stable
34
Type I collagen synthesizing cells
fibroblast, osteoblast, odontoblast, cementoblast
35
Type I collagen function
Resist tension
36
Type I collagen location in body
dermis, tendon, ligament, capsules of organs, bone, dentin, cementum MOST COMMON
37
Type II collagen synthesizing cells
chonrdroblasts
38
Type II collagen function
resists pressure
39
Type II collagen location in body
Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage
40
Type III synethsizing cells
fibroblasts, reticular cell, smooth muscle cell, hepatocyte
41
Type III function
Forms structural framework of spleen, liver, LN, SM, and adipose tissue
42
Type III location in body
Lymphatic system, spleen, liver, cardiovascular system, lung, skin
43
Type IV synthesizing cell
Epithelial cell, muscle cell, Schwann cell
44
Type IV functinon
Forms meshwork of lamina densa of basal lamina to provide support and filtration
45
Type IV location in body
basal lamina
46
Type VII synthezising cells
epidermal ells
47
Type VII function
Forms anchoring fibrils that fasten lamina densa to underlying laminsareticularis
48
Type VII location
Junction of epidermis and dermis
49
Type III collagen AKA
reticular fibers
50
T/F reticular fibers branch into delicate tiny networks
True
51
What prevents reticular fibers from becoming large
glycoprotein coat
52
Oritenatin of reticular fibers allows what?
Abundant space allows bone marrow and lymph nodes and cells and fluids to go through
53
T/F reticular fibers are components of attachment
TRUE See in basement membranes and external lamina
54
Reticular fibers are referred to as
Argyrophilic (silver)
55
A difference between elastic fibers and collagen
Elastic fibers can deform when stretched and return to original shape and can branch
56
Color of elastic fiber
Yellow-can see in nuchal ligament
57
Elastic fibers are made of
Elastin which is rich in Gly, Lys, Ala, Val, Pro, but NOT HYDROXYLYSINE
58
Explain orientation of elastin chains
They're held together by four Lys molecules of diff elastin chains form covalent bonds with each other and form desmosine crosslinks.
59
Dsmosine crosslinks
Found in elastic fibers. Are highly deformable and impart high degree of elasticity.
60
Elasin molecules are surrounded by
Microfibrils which are made of glycoprotein=fibrillin. Myofibirls help form elastic fibers
61
Formation of elastic fibers
Fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells secrete molecular subunits to make fibrillin microfibrils. Elastin is deposited on scaffold of microfibrils and amorphous growing structure forms Elastin accumulates and occupies most of the electron dense center of the single elastic fiber. Fibrillin microfibrils remain at fiber surface.
62
T/F elastin resists digestion by most proteases
T
63
What is elastin hydrolyzed by
Pancreatic elastase
64
Unlike collagen, elastin can form
"sheet" AKA elastic membrane or elastic lamina
65
Elastic membranes are prominent where
Arteries
66
Elastic membranes can be formed by?
CT cells (fibroblasts) and smooth mucles cells
67
What is ground substance made of
complex sugars: GAGs, proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins
68
Purpose of ground substance
Fills space between cells and fibers in CT and serves as lubricant and barrier to penetration of invaders
69
GAGs
- Long chains of repeating disaccharides (unbranched and (-) charge) - Amino sugar is one repeating subunit. Sugars have (-) charge making it polar molecule and attracting water and forms HYDRATED GEL WHICH RESISTS COMPRESSION. GAGs come close together, (-) repel them and reslts in slippery texture to resist compression Act as diffusion barrier
70
What allows GAG to resist compression?
(-) charges
71
Proteoglycan orientation
Like a test tube brush Core protein is handle that allows GAGs to attach covalently (the bristles) Adhesion moecules attach proteoglycan to something like hyaluranic acid.
72
Proteoglycan charge and function
Negative Allows water attraction and repulsion of other preotglycans which forms hydrated gel and acts as diffusion barrier
73
Aggrecan found where
Proteoglycan macromoleucle in cartilage and CTP that contains GAGs and hyaluronic acid.
74
Purpose of aggrecan
Massive molecule responsible for gel state of ECM and acts as barrier to diffusion
75
How bacteria combat ECM
Secrete hyaluronidase which cleaves hyaluronic acid into fragments and gets ride of gel state of ECM. This allows for rapid spread of bacteria.
76
Glycoproteins makeup
Non-filamentous cell adhesion molecules that have binding sites for ECM components and integrin moleules of CM that facilitate attachment of cells to ECM
77
Glycoprotein purpose
Mediates interactions between cells 1-permanent=integrins (adhesion molecules), growth factors 2-Transient=Ilk, GF, tumor necrosis factors, interferons, hormones, plasma proteins, chemokines
78
Examples of glycoproteins
laminin and fibronectin
79
Laminin found
Basal lamina and external laminae
80
Fibronectin found
throughout ECM
81
Purpose of laminin and fibronectin
Help bind molecules to ECM and help with cell migration and maintaining tissue structure
82
Types of ordinary CT
DRCT/DICT Loose CT Reticular CT
83
DRCT made of and find in and good for
Collagen or elastic Tendons, laigaments, cornea Good for linear tensile strength
84
Primary producer of collagen
Fibroblast
85
DICT made of found in and good for
Collagen or elastic Dermis, capsules of organs, periosteum Can be pulled in all directions
86
Loose CT AKA found in
Areolar CT Superficial fascia, lamina propria of intestine
87
Reticular CT found in/special ID
Internal frameowkr of spleen and LN, basement membranes Has high affinity for silver
88
Ehlers Danlos type VI disorder
Faulty lysine hydroxylation-->increased skin elasticity, rupture of eyeball
89
Scurvy disorder
lack of vitamin C, a required cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase-->ulceration of gums hemmorhages
90
CT fixed cells (7)
``` fibroblast fibrocyte pericyte adipocyte Mast cells Macrophages Myofibrocytes ```
91
CT transient cells (7)
``` Plasma cells Neutrophil Eosinophil Lymphocyte Macrophage Basophils Monocytes ```
92
Fixed cell defintion
Resident population of cells that developed and remain in place within the CT where they perform their function These cells are stable and long-lived
93
Fibroblast fixed or transient most numerous where produces
Fixed Most numerous in CT Produces/maintains ECM (makes fibers and most components of ground substance)
94
Fibroblast - nucleus - shape - cytoplasm
- open faced (euchromatin) - Spindle/fusiform shaped - Cytoplasm not normally apparent but is visible in healing wounds due to amplified synethesis of proteins for ECM
95
When can you see cytoplasm of fibroblast
In tendon where there's basophilic streaming Damaged tissue needing repair
96
Myofibroblasts - modified - found where
Modified fibroblasts that are similar to fibrob;asts and smooth muscle cells Found in areaus undergoing wound healing
97
How do myofibroblast help? How is it similar to fibroblast and smooth muscle
Speed wound healing by contracting the edges of wounds Like muscle=contract with actin/myosin complex like fibroblast=capable of creating ECM (type 1 and 3 collagen)
98
How is myofibroblast diff from muscle
Lack external lamina (basal lamina)
99
``` Pericytes AKA fixed? found where what kind of cell cytoplasm ```
Rouget or mural cells Fixed In walls of capillaries and venules is an immature mesenchymal cell cytoplasm has actin and myosin
100
Multipotential of pericytes
Can differintiate into other types of cells (myofibroblasts, SM cell, endothelial cell)
101
Pericytes function
Help with blood-brain barrier stability and angiogensis Helps with blood flow regulating in microvasculature
102
Diabetic retinopathy
Caused by damaging pericytes in retinal vessels
103
Alzheimer's disease
See increased number of pericytes in brain
104
Tumor vasculature
If tumor is weak and disorganized its partially due to inability of it to recruit pericytes.
105
Where to find pericytes? How do they respond?
Line small vascular vessels and respond to stimulation by constricting
106
What are pericytes very sensitive to?
Ischemia. When they die they constrict and stay constricted
107
Adipocytes fixed? Purpose types
Fixed store fat Unilocular adipocyte and multiclocular adipocyte
108
``` Unilocular adipocyte ID fxn prominent metabolism controlled by how are they held together ```
Single large fat drop;et E storage Prominent smooth ER Lipid metabolism Under influence:insulin, corticosteroids, growth hormone, noepinephrine External lamina holds cells together
109
Unilocular adipocyte AKA Make
Endocrine tissue Make leptin, adiponectin, adipokines, estrogen
110
Multilocular adipocyte AKA ID FXN
Brown fat cell Multiple small fat cell droplets and lots of mito (see uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation) Heat production ( E released as heat) see in neonatal and hibernating animals
111
Mast cells Fixed? Found Most prominent in
Yes See in CT of organs associated with body orifices, skin, and serous membranes Prominent in LCT and blood vessels
112
Mast cells mediate Membrane receptor
Mediates anaphylactic shock (immediate hypersensitivity rxn) IgE= stimulates degranulation
113
Primary mediators of Mast cells during degranulation (4)
Chondroitin sulfate histamine Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) Neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF)
114
Secondary mediators of mast cells during degranulation (2)
prostaglandin Leukotrienes Same as histamine but 10x more powerful
115
ECF and NCF
Eosinophils limit magnitude of inflamm by mast cells by inactivating inflamm mediators like histamine and leukotrienes
116
Mastocytomas
Mast cell tumors
117
Mast cell tumors
Most common cutaneous tumors in trunks of :boxers, boston terriers, lab rets, beagles, schnauzers Can effect HR, BP Rx:surgery, chemo, antihistamines, tyrosinase kinase inhibitor
118
``` Leukocytes fixed include (5) Movement Origin ```
Transeient PMN, Eosinophils, monocyte, lymphocyte, basophil Circulate in peripheral blood and enter CT to perform special fxn Bone marrow
119
Leukocytes are classfied as (2)
Granulocyte Agranulocyte
120
Granulocytes Contain Lobes
Eosinophil PMN Basophil Contain specific granules and primary granules Lobed/segmented nucleus
121
Agranulocytes Contain
Lymphocyte Monocyte Lack specific granules Contain primary granules
122
``` Lymphocyte Granulocyte? Mediates ID Fxn Where ```
Agranulocyte Mediators of specific types of immune response Small cells with round nuclei and minimal cytoplasm Scouts and weapons Throughout msot CT but especially common in lamina propria (CT of mucous mem), splee, thymus, LN, peyer's patches of ileum, tonsils.
123
``` MQ Granulocyte? Origin Abundant ID Fxn ```
Agranulocyte Origin=monocytes. Once mono leaves blood it becomes MQ Abundant lyosomes variable morphology, "kidney bean" nucleus or oval eccentric open face nucleus Phagocytosis, secretes cytokines, Ag presentation
124
Eosinophils Granulocyte? ID Fxn
Yes Granules stain intensely eosinophilic, Same size as neutrophils with band/elongated nucleus. Acidophilic cytoplasmic granules=lysosomes Phagocytosis and destroys parasits (IgE) and limits inflammation initated by mast cells by neutralizing histamine and inhibiting mas cell degranulation via Eosinophil inhibitor factor
125
Neutrophil Granulocyte? ID fxn
Yes Most numerous leukocyte. Cytoplasmic granules are present (lysosomes) but don't stain. Acute phagocytosis of BACTERIA and creates pus. Also secretes inflam mediators and enzymes
126
Basophil Granulocyte? ID
Yes Have large cytoplasmic granules that norm obscure 2 lobed nucleus. Stores histamine.
127
``` Plasma cell AKA Derived from Make Abundant ```
Plasma B cells, plasmocytes, effector B cells From B lymphocytes Make Ab Abundant in RER

Histology (14 decks)

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