Urinary

Question 1

How does renin control fluid volume?

Answer 1

Renin

Reabsorbs Na+ through aldosterone release from adrenal

Angiotensin II is made and allows vasoconstriction

Question 2

What are endocrine products the kidney makes?

Answer 2

Renin

Erythropoietin

Vitamin D metaboltes

Question 3

Renin purpose

Answer 3

Regulates blood volume/pressure

Question 4

Erythropoietin purpose

Answer 4

Acts on bone marrow to make new erythrocytes

Question 5

Vitamin D metabolites

Answer 5

Conversion of Vitamin D to dihydroxycholecalciferol which regulates Ca2+ transport

Question 6

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney

Answer 6

Nephron

Question 7

What makes up the renal corpuscle

Answer 7

Glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

Question 8

What are the arteries for renal vasculature supply

Answer 8

Renal a
Interlobar a
Arcuate a
Interlobular a (radial)
Afferent glomerular arterioles

Question 9

What are the two types of nephrons

Answer 9

Cortical and Juxtamedullary

Question 10

Renal vasculature drainage route of cortical nephrons

Answer 10

Efferent glomerular arteriole
Peritubular capillary network
Stellate v
Interlobular v
Arcuate v
Interlobar v
Renal v

Question 11

Juxtamedullary nephron renal vasculature drainage

Answer 11

Efferent glomerular arterioles
Vasa recta
Arcuate v
Interlobar v
Renal v

Question 12

What is in the glomerulus of the renal corpuscle (4)

Answer 12

Tuft of capillaries (fenestrated)
Intraglomerular mesangial cells (support)
Afferent glomerular arteriole supply
Efferent glomerular arteriole drain

Question 13

What is in Bowman’s capsule of the renal corpuscle (3)

Answer 13

Visceral Layer: Podocytes that are S.S.E to allow filtration
Bowman’s Space
Parietal layer

Question 14

What are the 3 mechanisms for filtration?

Answer 14

Fenestrated S.S.E
Thick basement membrane

Podocytes

Question 15

What is the longest, widest, and most well developed segment of the nephron?

Answer 15

PT

Question 16

Where is the PT confined?

Answer 16

Renal cortex

Question 17

Where are the tubular portions of PT located?

Answer 17

pars convoluta

Question 18

Where are the straight portions of PT located?

Answer 18

pars radiata

Question 19

PT reasborbs what percent of ions and water of the ultrafiltrate?

Answer 19

75

Question 20

PT reasborbs what percent of glucose, AA, and proteins of ultrafiltrate?

Answer 20

100

Question 21

What percents of organic solutes, drugs, and toxins are reabsorbed in PT?

Answer 21

All excreted

Question 22

What classification of cells line the PT

Answer 22

S.C.E

Question 23

T/F Cells that make PT sit on a well defned basement membrane

Answer 23

T

Question 24

T/F There is a well developed brush border in PT

Answer 24

T

Question 25

T/F Nuclei in PT are apical located

Answer 25

F | Basally

Question 26

T/F Juxtamedullary nephrons have shorter LOH than cortical nephrons

Answer 26

F | Longer

Question 27

What is the fxn of LOH (2)

Answer 27

Generate high osmotic pressure in EC fluid of medulla (counter-current multiplier system) Reabsorption of water back into circulation bia vasa recta (counter-current exchange system)

Question 28

LOH cell classification

Answer 28

S.S.E

Question 29

What are differences between LOH and capillaries

Answer 29

Large lumen with more nuclei protruding lumen than capillaries Epithelial cells slightly thicker than endothelial cells of vessels Nuclei stain less densely than endothelial nuclei Lumina contain no erythrocytes

Question 30

Where are the tubular portions of the DT located

Answer 30

pars convoluta

Question 31

Where are the straight portions of DT located

Answer 31

pars radiata

Question 32

DT reabsorbs Na+ how?

Answer 32

Active process controlled by aldosterone release from the adrenal

Question 33

T/F DT has absorption of ions

Answer 33

T

Question 34

T/F DT is permeable to water and urea but ions can enter and leave

Answer 34

F DT is impermeable to water

Question 35

How does DT control acidity of ultrafiltrate?

Answer 35

Active secretion of H+ ions into lumen

Question 36

What is the classification of DT cells

Answer 36

Low cuboidal cells

Question 37

T/F DT has a lot of nuclei that are centrally/apically located

Answer 37

T

Question 38

What is the ration of cross-section of PT and DT

Answer 38

7:1

Question 39

Macula densa - where - monitors - instructs

Answer 39

- Specialized portion of the DCT - Monitors filtrate volume and Na+ concentration - INstruct JG cells to release renin if necessary

Question 40

Why is the collecting duct system not considered to be a part of the nephron

Answer 40

Due to its different embryological origin

Question 41

What are the different parts of the collecting duct system

Answer 41

Collecting tubule Collectong duct Duct of bellini (papillary duct)

Question 42

What does the duct of bellini do

Answer 42

Opens into the area cribosa to drain urine into the minor calyx/renal pelvis

Question 43

T/F Collecting duct system is always impermeable to water

Answer 43

F If ADH is present will become permeable to H2O

Question 44

T/F Portion of collecting duct is permeable to urea

Answer 44

T

Question 45

Cell classification of collecting tubule of CDS

Answer 45

Cuboidal epithelium

Question 46

T/F CDS cells stain poorly

Answer 46

T Termed "clear cells"

Question 47

What types of cells are in collecting tubule of CDS?

Answer 47

Intercalated cells - High number of mitochondria and microvillous surface - Help control acid/base balance by transport of H+

Question 48

What is the cell classification of collecting duct in CDS?

Answer 48

Columnar epithelium

Question 49

What types of cells are in collecting duct of CDS?

Answer 49

Intercalated but are less nu,erous in collecting ducts

Question 50

What kind of cells make up ducts of bellini (papillary ducts)

Answer 50

Columnar epithelium

Question 51

What are the components of JG apparatus

Answer 51

Macula densa of DT JG cells of the afferent glomerular arteriole Extraglomerular mesangial cells ->AKA Polkissen or Lacis cells)

Question 52

Is the mechanism behind the function of macula densa known?

Answer 52

No

Question 53

Of the JG apparatus, what cells are modified smooth muscle

Answer 53

JG cells

Question 54

What do JG cells secrete

Answer 54

Proteolytic enzyme=renin Regulates blood volume Alodsterone release from adreanl cortex

Question 55

Where are EG mesangial cells?

Answer 55

Occupies the space bordered by the afferent artiole, MD, efferent arteriole, and vascular pole of renal corpuscle

Question 56

What is the EG mesangial cell contiguous with?

Answer 56

Intraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 57

Is the prcise function of EG mesangial cells known?

Answer 57

no

Question 58

What are parts of urinary system made of transitional epithelium?

Answer 58

Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra- near bladder

Question 59

What is the part of the urethra farther from bladder made of

Answer 59

Stratified squamous non-keratinixing

Question 60

What are the organizational layers of lower urinary tract

Answer 60

Mucosa Lamina propria/submucosa Tunica muscularis Tunica adventitia/serosa

Question 61

The kidney develops from (2)

Answer 61

Ureteric bud Metanephric mesenchyme

Question 62

How does the uteric bud form in the development of the mature kidney?

Answer 62

From outgrowth of the mesonephric duct near the cloaca

Question 63

What are all formed from the ureteric bud, endoderm germ layer origin

Answer 63

``` Ureter Renal pelvis Major and minor calyces Collecting ducts Collecting tubule ```

Question 64

What is the rest of the nephron formed from (other than ureter, renal pelvis, etc)

Answer 64

Metanephric mesenchyme | Mesoderm germ layer origin

Question 65

What are the layers of the ureter?

Answer 65

Tunica mucosa Tunica muscularis Tunica adventitia

Question 66

In ureter: Tunica mucosa is lined by

Answer 66

Transitional epithelium Lamina propria -->Fibroelastic LCT -->In horse, mucus glands=cloudy urine

Question 67

In ureter: Tunica muscularis layers

Answer 67

Inner longitudinal smooth muscle layer Outer circular smooth muscle layer Outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer

Question 68

In ureter: tunica adventitia layer

Answer 68

Outer CT layer | mesothelum=S.S.E

Question 69

Urinary bladder layers

Answer 69

Tunica Mucosa Tunica muscularis Tunica serosa

Question 70

In bladder: Tunica mucosa is lined by

Answer 70

Transitional epithelium cells (impermeable to water/urine) Lamina propria/submucosa - ->Fibroelastic LCT and DICT - Separted by muscularis mucosa in fragmented setions

Question 71

In bladder: Tunica muscularis is made of

Answer 71

Smooth muscle

Question 72

In bladder: tunica serosa is made of

Answer 72

Outer CT layer of mesothelium