Blood and Lymphatic System Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Blood Volume
A
5-6L (Males) and 4-5L (Female) 250-350ml (Newborn
2
Q
Viscosity
A
3.5-4.5x thicker
3
Q
Color
A
scarlet (oxygen rich) to dull red or purple (oxygen poor)
4
Q
pH
A
7.35-7.45 (average of 7.40)
5
Q
Specific gravity
A
whole blood 1.045-1.066
serum 1.024-1.028
plasma 1.025-1.029
6
Q
venous blood
A
7.35 / arterial blood 7.45
7
Q
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
A
- Respiratory
- Nutritional
- Excretory
- Buffering action
- Maintenance of constant body temperature
- Transportation of hormones and other endocrine
secretion that regulates cell function - Body defense mechanism
8
Q
HEMATOPOIESIS
A
- Blood cell formation
- Occurs in red bone marrow
- All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell
(hemocytoblast) - Hemocytoblast differentiation
- Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes
- Myeloid stem cell produces other formed elements
9
Q
(EPO)
A
Erythropoietin
10
Q
(TPO)
A
Thrombopoietin
11
Q
(G-CSF)
A
Granulocyte CSF
12
Q
(GM-CSF)
A
Granulocyte-macrophage CSF
13
Q
Salmon colored biconcave disk; anucleate ; literally, sacs of hemoglobin; most organelles have been ejected
A
Erythrocytes
14
Q
White blood cells or WBCs
A
Leukocytes
15
Q
Cytoplasm stain pale pink and contains fine granules, which are difficult to see; deep purple nucleus consist of three to seven lobes connected y thin strands of nucleoplasm
A
Neutrophils
16
Q
Red coarse cytoplasmic granules; figure-8 or bilobed nucleus stains blue-red
A
Eosinophils
17
Q
Cytoplasm has a few large blue- purple granules; U- or S- shaped nucleus with constrictions, stains dark blue
A
Basophils
18
Q
Cytoplasm pale blue and appears as thin rim around nucleus; spherical dark purple- blue nucleus
A
Lymphocytes
19
Q
Abundant gray-blue cytoplasm; dark blue-purple nucleus often kidney shaped
A
Monocytes
20
Q
Essentially irregular shaped cell fragments; stain deep purple
A
Platelets
21
Q
The main function is to carry oxygen
* Biconcave disks
* Essentially bags of hemoglobin
* Anucleate (no nucleus)
A
ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS)
22
Q
- Iron-containing protein
- Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
- Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites
- Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
A
Hemoglobin
23
Q
respond to a lower than normal oxygen concentration in the blood by releasing the hormone erythropoietin.
A
Kidneys
24
Q
travels to the red bone marrow and stimulates an increase in the production of red blood
cells (RBCs).
A
Erythropoietin
25
manufactures RBCs from stem cells that live inside the marrow.
The red bone marrow
26
squeeze through blood vessel membranes to
enter the circulation
RBCs
27
work to supply continuous movement and oxygenation of RBCs.
heart and lungs
28
destroyed primarily by the spleen.
Damaged or old RBCs
29
is to respond rapidly to microbial invasion to kill the
invaders (phagocytosis)
neutrophils
30
* Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes
* Important in HEMOSTASIS
PLATELETS
31
Series of complex processes by which the body spontaneously stops bleeding and maintains blood on its fluid state within the blood vessel compartment.
HEMOSTASIS
32
oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced
Anemia
33
Inability to successfully eliminate foreign substances
Qualitative
34
* Leukocytosis
* Leukopenia
Quantitative
35
A. Thrombocytopenia
B. Thrombocytosis
Platelet Disorders
36
A. Hemophilia
B. Thrombophilia
Coagulation Disorders
37
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Two parts
* Lymphatic vessels
* Lymphoid tissues and organs
38
Lymphatic system functions
* Transport fluids back to the blood
* Play essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease
* Absorb digested fat at the intestinal villi
39
excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels
Lymph
40
* Site where transport system begins
* Remarkably permeable
Lymphatic capillaries
41
* Next area where the lymph flows from the lymphatic
capillaries
Lymphatic collecting vessels
42
* Formed by the union of the largest collecting vessels
* Named mostly from the regions from which they
collect lymph
Lymphatic trunks
43
drains lymph from
Right Lymphatic duct
44
receives lymph from the rest of the body except right side of head, neck, thorax, and upper extremities
Thoracic duct
45
collects lymph fluid from 2 lumbar trunks which drains the lower limbs and intestinal trunk that drains digestive organs
Cisterna chyli
46
LYMPH TRANSPORT Maintained by
* Skeletal muscle contraction
* Pressure changes in the thorax
47
is prevented by valves
Backflow
48
may spread through the body via the lymphatic stream
Pathogens and cancer cells
49
* Distributed along the lymphatic vessels where lymph is filtered and antibodies are added
Lymph Nodes
50
are strategically located inside for immune response
Lymphocytes
51
has a fibrous capsules
cortex and medulla
52
contains primary follicles of lymphocytes
Cortex
53
medullary cords containing lymphocytes and macrophages with spaces called medullary sinuses
Medulla
54
* Prominent in newborns and continues to increase in size during childhood
* Located in the superior mediastinum (in front of great vessels of heart
Thymus
55
densely packed lymphocytes
Cortical
56
fewer lymphocytes
Medullary
57
like structures called Hassall’s/Thymic corpuscles
With cyst
58
* “graveyard for aged and defective blood cells”
* Largest lymphoid organ
Spleen
59
* Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx (Waldeyer’s Ring)
Tonsil
60
located on either side at the posterior end of the oral cavity
Palatine Tonsil
61
posterior wall of the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal Tonsil
62
base of the tongue
Lingual Tonsil
63
* Acts as a guard to protect respiratory and digestive tracts
* Tonsils, Peyer’s patches, small accumulations of lymphoid tissue
MALT (Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue
64
* Large isolated clusters of lymph nodules found in the ileum
* Macrophages here destroy bacteria, preventing them from reaching the intestinal wall
Peyer’s Patches or GALT (Gut Associated Lymphatic Tissue)
65
* The ability to resist damage from foreign
substances
Immunity
66
first and second line of defense
Non-specific
67
third line of defense
Specific
68
* Non-specific
* Natural
* 1st and 2nd line
* No memory
* Cellular: phagocytes, monocytes, Natural Killer (NK) cells, mast cells
* Humoral: Complement, Cytokines
INNATE
69
* Specific
* Acquired
* 3rd line
* Has memory
* Cellular: B cells, T cells, Antigen- Presenting Cells (APCs)
* Humoral: Antibodies, Complement,
Cytokines
ADAPTIVE
70
-Mucous membrane
-Secretions of Skin and Mucous membrane
FIRST LINE - Skin
71
-Phagocytes
-Antimicrobial proteins
-Inflammatory
response
SECOND LINE
72
-Lymphocytes
-Antibodies
THIRD LINE
73
Prevents spread of injurious agents to adjacent tissues
* Local inflammation: response confined to a specific area
Inflammatory Response
74
Cardinal Signs
* Rubor
* Dolor
* Calor
* Tumor
* Functio Laesa
75
distributed throughout the body
Systemic inflammation
76
matures in thymus
* Involved in cell-mediated immunity
* Antigens must be presented by macrophages to an immunocompetent T cell
(antigen presentation)
T-cells
77
stimulate the proliferation of other T cells and of B cells bound to an antigen
Helper T-cells
78
directly attack and destroy infected cells and cancer cells
Cytotoxic T-cells
79
terminate normal immune responses by releasing
suppressor factors
Suppressor T-cells
80
matures in the bone marrow
* Involved in humoral immunity
* Matures as plasma cells
B-cells
81
when antigens bind to the receptors of B-cells
Primary immune response
82
other clone members become memory B-cells
Secondary immune response
83
what has been introduced to the individual is the antigen
Active Immunity
84
infective agent will gain entry to the body, act as stimulant for antibody formation because the organism acts as antigen.
Naturally acquired active immunity
85
when the antigen has been deliberately introduce like injecting vaccines, they act as antigen to stimulate antibody formation.)
Artificially acquired active immunity
86
when what has been introduced to the body is already
antibodies
Passive Immunity
87
exhibited by the transfer of antibodies from mother’s placenta to the fetus and transfer of antibodies from breast milk to the baby.
Naturally acquired passive immunity
88
injection of artificially prepared substance like immune serum of gamma globulin. These two are antibodies
preparation
Artificially acquired passive immunity
89
* reacts with antibodies
* Self antigen or Foreign antigen
Antigens
90
* Proteins (immunoglobulins)
* Binds to antigens or invaders and kill/inactivate them
Antibodies
91
* Globulin proteins that react specifically with the antigen that stimulated their production
Immunoglobulins
92
* produced after exposure to genetically different
or non-self antigens of the same species
Alloantibody
93
* produced in response to self antigen
Autoantibody
94
* Crosses the placenta and weakly activates
complement system
IgG: 75% of Ig’s
95
* In serum is a monomer and in secretions is a
dimer
* Found in secretions: tears, saliva, colostrum,
mucus
IgA: 15% of Ig’s
96
* Largest and exists as a pentamer
* Most potent activator of complement
IgM: 7-10% of Ig’s
97
* Exists as a monomer
* Mediates allergic and parasitic reaction
IgE: less than 1% of Ig’s
98
* Present in the membrane of mature B cells
* Modulation of immune response
IgD: less than 1% of Ig’s
99
Production or function of immune cells or
complement is abnormal
Immunodeficiencies
100
AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
101
* The immune system does not distinguish between self
and nonself
* The body produces antibodies and sensitized T
lymphocytes that attack its own tissues
Autoimmune Diseases
102
white matter of brain and spinal cord are destroyed
Multiple sclerosis
103
impairs communication between nerves and
skeletal muscles
Myasthenia gravis
104
destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin
Juvenile diabetes
105
destroys joints
Rheumatoid arthritis
106
affects kidney, heart, lung and skin
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
