Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
Digestive Tract: / alimentary
organs
A
Mouth, pharynx, and esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, and large intestine (colon)
2
Q
Accessory Organs:
A
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands,
pancreas, liver, and
gallbladder
3
Q
Deciduous teeth, also called
A
d baby teeth or milk teeth.
4
Q
Begins to erupt around 6 months; the first to
appear are the
A
lower central incisors.
5
Q
erupted by the end of adolescence.
A
All permanent teeth except third molars
6
Q
Wisdom teeth emerge between the ages of
A
17 and 25.
7
Q
there are how many permanent teeth
in a full set
A
32
8
Q
exposed portion of tooth; covered in enamel
A
Crown
9
Q
connects root and crown
A
Neck
10
Q
embedded portion of tooth
A
Root
11
Q
- NEAR CHEEK & EAR
*CONTAIN ONLY SEROUS ACINI
A
PAROTID GLAND
12
Q
PAROTID GLAND secretes
A
ALPHA-AMYLASE
13
Q
- PRODUCES MAJORITY OF SALIVA
*CONTAINS BOTH SEROUS ACINI AND
MUCOUS TUBULES - SEROUS DEMILUNES
A
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
14
Q
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND secrets
A
LYSOZYME
15
Q
*SMALLEST
*CONTAINS BOTH SEROUS ACINI AND
MUCOUS TUBULES
A
SUBLINGUAL GLANDS
16
Q
SUBLINGUAL GLANDS secrets
A
MUCOUS; ALSO ADDS TO BOTH
AMYLASE AND LYSOZYM
17
Q
Mechanical digestion
A
mastication
18
Q
Breaking up food
A
TEETH
19
Q
Mixes food with saliva
A
TONGUE
20
Q
enzyme digests starch
A
Amylase
21
Q
slippery protein (mucus) protects
soft lining of digestive system lubricates
food for easier swallowing
A
Mucin
22
Q
neutralizes acid to prevent tooth
decay
A
Buffers
23
Q
kill bacteria that
enter mouth with food
A
Anti-bacterial chemicals
24
Q
-The back of the throat.
-Is approximately 15cm long.
A
PHARYNX
25
* flap of cartilage
* closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing
* food travels down esophagus
Epiglottis
26
* involuntary muscle contractions to move food along
Peristalsis
27
* 25 cm long
* Pushes food to Stomach (peristalsis)
ESOPHAGUS
28
Series of involuntary wave-like muscle contractions which move food along the digestive tract
Peristalsis
29
C-Shaped
left abdominal cavity
30
-Varies from 15cm to 25 cm in length; holds up to
4 liters of food
-Mechanically and chemically breaks down food
-Food is temporarily stored here up to 2-4 hours
-Pushes food through pyloric sphincter to small
intestine
-Has layers of muscle that line the inside.
STOMACH
31
Regions of Stomach
-Cardia (near heart)
-Fundus
-Body
-Pyloric Antrum
-Pylorus
32
a simple columnar epithelium composed entirely of mucous cells.
Mucosa of the stomach
33
What stops the stomach from digesting itself?
mucus secreted by stomach cells protects stomach
lining
34
the stomach is made out of
protein
35
millions lining mucosa
Gastric Pits
36
secretes gastric juice
Gastric Glands
37
Chief Cells
pepsinogen
38
* Secreted by the stomach.
* Acidic (pH 1.5-2.5) (HCl).
GASTRIC JUICES
39
an enzyme that breaks down large
proteins into amino acids
Pepsin
40
* Food is further broken down into a thin liquid
called
chyme
41
* Major Digestive Organ
* Extends from Pyloric Sphincter to Large Intestine
* 2 – 4 meters in length (longest in alimentary canal)
* Located retriperitoneally
* Lined with villi, increase surface area for absorption.
* Small intestine has huge surface area = 300m2 (~size of tennis court)
SMALL INTESTINE
42
SMALL INTESTINE 3 sections
* duodenum
* jejunum
* ileum
43
most digestion
duodenum
44
absorption of nutrients & water
jejunum & ileum
45
* 1st section of small intestines
* acid food from stomach
* mixes with digestive juices
DUODENUM
46
DUODENUM mixes with digestive juices from:
▪ pancreas
▪ liver
▪ gall bladder
47
Absorption through villi & microvilli
* finger-like projections
* increase surface area for absorption
ABSORPTION BY SMALL INTESTINES
48
pass through the large intestine.
Solid materials
49
These are undigestible solids
fibers
50
reabsorbed with the water.
Vitamins K and B
51
solid wastes exit the body
Rectum
52
* Function
* re-absorb water
* use ~9 liters of water every day in digestive juices
* > 90% of water reabsorbed
* not enough water absorbed
* diarrhea
* too much water absorbed
* constipation
LARGE INTESTINES (COLON)
53
* produce vitamins
* vitamin K; B vitamins
* generate gases
* by-product of bacterial metabolism
* methane, hydrogen sulfide
* Escherichia coli (E. coli)
54
* Last section of colon (large intestines)
* eliminate feces
* undigested materials
* extracellular waste
* mainly cellulose from plants
* roughage or fiber
* masses of bacteria
RECTUM
55
ACCESSORY ORGANS
*Pancreas
*Gall Bladder
*Spleen
56
* Pouch structure located near the liver which concentrates and stores bile
Gall bladder
57
a long tube that carries BILE
Bile duct
58
* emulsifies lipids (physically breaks apart FATS)
*is a bitter, greenish-yellow alkaline fluid, stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where it aids
the process of digestion.
BILE
59
An organ which secretes both digestive enzymes
(exocrine) and hormones (endocrine)
Pancreas
60
digests all major nutrient types.
Pancreatic juice
61
-Nearly all digestion occurs in
small intestine
62
* Function
* produces bile
* bile stored in gallbladder until needed
* breaks up fats
* act like detergents to breakup fats
Liver
63
bile contains colors from old red
blood cells collected in liver =
iron in RBC rusts & makes feces brown
64
▪break up food
▪digest starch
▪kill germs
▪moisten food
mouth
65
▪kills germs
▪break up food
▪digest proteins
▪store food
stomach
66
▪produces bile
- stored in gall bladder
▪break up fats
liver
67
▪produces enzymes to
digest proteins & starch
pancreas
68
Food in stomach, particularly partially digested prteins; ACh released by nerve fibers
Gastrin Stimulus for Secretion
69
Stimulates release of gastric juice - Stimulates stomach emptying
Gastrin Action
70
Gastric Source
Stomach
71
Food in Stomach
Intestinal gastrin Stimulus for secretion
Histamine Stimulus for secretion
72
Stimulates gastric secretion and emptying
Intestinal gastrin action
73
Intestinal gastrin Source
Duodenum
74
Activates parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid
Histamine Action
75
Histamine Source
Stomach
76
Food in stomach stimulated by sympathetic nerve fibers
Somatostatin Stimulus for secretion
77
-Inhibits secretion of gastric juice and pancreatic juice
- Inhibits emptying of stomach and gallbladder
Somatostatin Action
78
Somatostatin Source
Stomach and Duodenum
79
Acidic chyme and partially digested foods in duodenum
Secretin Stimulus for Secretion
80
- Increases output of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions - Increases out put by liver
- Inhibits gastric mobility and gastric gland secretion
Secretin Action
81
Secretin Source
Duodenum
82
Fatty chyme and partially digested proteins in duodenum
Cholecytokinin (CCK) Stimulus for Secretion
83
-Increases output of enzyme
-rich pancreatic juice
- Stimulates gallbladder to expel stored bile
- Relaxes sphincter of duodenal papilla to allow bile and pancreatic juice to enter the duodenum
Cholecytokinin (CCK) Action
84
Cholecytokinin (CCK) Source
Duodenum
85
- Inhibits secretion of gastric juice
- Stimulates insulin release
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) Action
86
Food in duodenum
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) Stimulus of Secretion
87
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) Source
Duodenum
88
- When teeth remain embedded in the jawbone
- Can exert pressure and cause a good deal of pain
Wisdom teeth are the most commonly impacted
Impacted Teeth
89
may result in dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, which can be fatal if severe
Prolonged diarrhea
90
* Any condition that rushes food residue through the large intestine before that organ has had sufficient
time to absorb the water
* Prolonged diarrhea may result in dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, which can be fatal if severe
Watery stools, or Diarrhea
91
* Too much water is absorbed; the stool becomes hard and difficult to pass.
* May result from lack of fiber in the diet, poor bowel habits
Constipation
92
* Caused by local irritation of the stomach, such as occurs with bacterial food poisoning
* Activates the emetic center in the brain (medulla).
Vomiting/Emesis
93
-If bile is stored in the gallbladder for too long or too much water is removed, the cholesterol it contains may crystallized
-Agonizing pain may occur when the
gallbladder contracts
Gallstones
94
Rare but extremely serious inflammation of the pancreas; results from activation of pancreatic enzymes in the pancreatic duct.
Pancreatitis
95
mucosa protrudes through the colon walls, a condition called
Diverticulosis
96
diverticula become inflamed, can be life-threatening if ruptures occur.
Diverticulitis
97
-Caused by failure of cardioesophageal sphincter to close tightly; gastric juice backs up to esophagus
-Leads to esophagitis, even ulceration
-Because the diaphragm no longer reinforces the relatively weak cardioesophageal sphincter, gastric juice flows into the unprotected esophagus.
Heartburn
98
-Peritoneum is infected
-Peritoneal membranes tend to stick together around the infection site.
-This provides time for macrophages in the lymphatic tissue to mount an attack
Peritonitis
99
-Typically a round, sharply defined crater 1 to 4 cm in diameter in the mucosa of any part of the GI tract exposed to secretions of the stomach.
-May occur in the esophagus, but 98% occur in the pyloric part of the stomach (gastric ulcers) or the first part of the duodenum (duodenal ulcers).
Peptic Ulcer
100
-May appear at any age; develop most frequently between ages 50 and 70.
-Recurring tendency—healing, then flaring up periodically—for the rest of a person’s life if not treated
Peptic Ulcer
