CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
- A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
*The heart pumps blood
*Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
parts of the body
*is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove
carbon dioxide and other waste products
A
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
2
Q
- Thorax between the lungs
- Pointed apex directed toward left hip
- About the size of your fist
- Less than 1
A
Heart
3
Q
a double serous membrane
A
Pericardium
4
Q
Pericardium Next to heart
A
Visceral pericardium
5
Q
Pericardium Outside layer
A
Parietal pericardium
6
Q
fills the space between the layers of pericardium
A
Serous fluid
7
Q
Three layers of heart wall
A
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
8
Q
*Outside layer
*This layer is the parietal pericardium
*Connective tissue layer
A
Epicardium
9
Q
*Middle layer
*Mostly cardiac muscle
A
Myocardium
10
Q
- Inner layer
*Endothelium
A
Endocardium
11
Q
Covers the heart and attaches to the
pericardium
A
Epicardium
12
Q
Contracts to pump blood into the arteries
A
Myocardium
13
Q
Lines the interior chambers and valves
A
Endocardium
14
Q
Thin, serous(watery) membrane that is
continuous with the lining of the pericardium
A
Epicardium
15
Q
Thick layer of cardiac muscle
A
Myocardium
16
Q
Thin layer of epithelial cells that is continuous
with the lining of the blood vessels
A
Endocardium
17
Q
Right and left side act as separate pumps
A
HEART CHAMBERS
18
Q
- Four chambers
A
- Right Atrium
- Right Ventricle
- Left Atrium
- Left Ventricle
19
Q
*Receiving chambers
* Right atrium
* Left atrium
A
Atria
20
Q
- Discharging chambers
- Right ventricle
- Left ventricle
A
Ventricles
21
Q
Upper right chamber
A
Right Atrium
22
Q
Lower right chamber
A
Right Ventricle
23
Q
Upper left chamber
A
Left Atrium
24
Q
Lower left chamber
A
Left Ventricle
25
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via both the Superior(upper) vena cava and inferior (lower) vena cava and pumps into the right ventricle
Right Atrium
26
Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs to be oxygenated.
Right Ventricle
27
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the
pulmonary veins and pumps it into the left ventricle.
Left Atrium
28
Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta. The cell walls of the left ventricle are nearly three times as thick as those of the right ventricle owing to the force required to pump the blood into the arterial system
Left Ventricle
29
Allow blood to flow in only one direction
Valves
30
Four valves
- Right AV valve or tricuspid valve
- Left valve or Bicuspid or mitral valve
- Right semilunar valve or pulmonic/ pulmonary valve
- Left semilunar valve or aortic valve
31
Between the right atrium and right ventricle
Right AV valve or tricuspid valve
32
Between the left atrium and left ventricle
Left valve or Bicuspid or mitral valve
33
At the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Right semilunar valve or pulmonic/ pulmonary valve
34
At the entrance to the aorta
Left semilunar valve or aortic valve
35
Has three cusps hence the name tricuspid
Right AV valve or tricuspid valve
36
Has two cusps, hence the name bicuspid
Left valve or Bicuspid or mitral valve
37
Has three half-moon shaped cusps
Right semilunar valve or pulmonic/ pulmonary valve
38
Has three half shaped cusps
Left semilunar valve or aortic valve
39
Closes when the right vent. Contracts and prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium
Right AV valve or tricuspid valve
40
Closes when the left vent. Contracts and prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium
Left valve or Bicuspid or mitral valve
41
Closes when the right vent. Relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into right ventricle
Right semilunar valve or pulmonic/ pulmonary valve
42
Closes when the left ventricle relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
Left semilunar valve or aortic valve
43
backflow and repump
Incompetent valve
44
stiff= heart workload increased
Stenosis
45
Valve Pathology
* Incompetent valve = backflow and repump
* Stenosis = stiff= heart workload increased
* May be replaced
* Lup Dub Heart Sound
46
The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
- Aorta
- Pulmonary arteries
- Vena cava
- Pulmonary veins (four)
47
- Leaves left ventricle
Aorta
48
- Leave right ventricle
Pulmonary arteries
49
- Enters right atrium
Vena cava
50
- Enter left atrium
Pulmonary veins (four)
51
Rapid heart beat
* = Inadequate blood
* = Angina Pectoris
52
* Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium
* The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system
*Coronary arteries
*Cardiac veins
*Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus
CORONARY CIRCULATION
53
Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way
Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)
54
“Pacemaker”
Sinoatrial node
55
junction of right and left atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular node
56
Bundle of His
Atrioventricular bundle
57
Special tissue sets the pace
1. Sinoatrial node
2. Atrioventricular node
3. Atrioventricular bundle
4. Bundle branches
5. Purkinje fibers
58
impulse across atria
P wave
59
spread of impulse down septum, around ventricles
in Purkinje fibers
QRS complex
60
end of electrical activity in ventricles
T wave
61
= release of ventricles from control
Damage to AV node
62
= lack of blood flow to the heart
Fibrillation
63
= more than 100 beats/min
Tachycardia
64
= less than 60 beats/min
Bradychardia
65
= slower heart beat
* Slower heart beat can lead to fibrillation
66
* Atria contract simultaneously
* Atria relax, then ventricles contract
CARDIAC CYCLE
67
contraction
Systole
68
relaxation
Diastole
69
* Amount of blood pumped by each side of the
heart in one minute
Cardiac output (CO)
70
(heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])
= CO
71
* Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in
one contraction
Stroke volume
72
CO =
= HR x SV
73
Stroke volume usually remains relatively
constant
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
74
the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction
Starling’s law of the heart
75
Increased heart rate
1. Sympathetic nervous system
2. Hormones
3. Exercise
4. Decreased blood volume
76
*Crisis
*Low blood pressure
Sympathetic nervous system
77
*Epinephrine
*Thyroxine
Hormones
78
*Parasympathetic nervous system
* High blood pressure or blood volume
* Dereased venous return
* In Congestive Heart Failure the heart is worn out and pumps weakly. Digitalis works to provide a slow, steady, but stronger beat
Decreased heart rate
79
* Decline in pumping efficiency of heart
* Inadequate circulation
* Progressive, also coronary atherosclerosis, high blood pressure and history of multiple Myocardial Infarctions
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)
80
pulmonary congestion and suffocation
Left side fails
81
peripheral congestion and edema
Right side fails
