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ANAPHY > OVERVIEW OF THE HUMAN BODY > Flashcards

OVERVIEW OF THE HUMAN BODY Flashcards

1
Q

Greek word meaning “cut up” (ana = up, tomy = process of cutting)• Greek word meaning “cut up” (ana = up, tomy = process of cutting)
• Study of internal and external structures of body and their relationships to each
other.
• It is the science of body structures and the relationships among them.
• “Form”

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

macroscopic, can be seen by the eye; can be studied without microscope.

A

Gross Anatomy

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3
Q

is the study of the different regions of the body such as the head and
neck.

A

Regional Anatomy

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4
Q

–study of the specific systems of the body such as the reproductive
system and digestive system.

A

Systemic Anatomy

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5
Q

study of the landmarks of the body surface of the different visceral
organs

A

Surface Anatomy

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6
Q

cell and molecule level, needs microscope, cannot be seen by the
naked eye

A

Microscopic Anatomy

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7
Q

– study of cells

A

Cytology

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8
Q

study of tissues

A

Histology

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9
Q

study of prenatal development; the first eight
weeks of development after fertilization of human being.

A

Embryological Anatomy or Embryology

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10
Q

study of human growth and development from fertilized egg to mature adult to death.

A

Developmental Anatomy

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11
Q

study of the structures of the body using x–rays and
other noninvasive imaging techniques.

A

Radiographic Anatomy or Radiology

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12
Q

structural changes (macroscopic to microscopic) associated with
disease.

A

Pathological Anatomy

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13
Q

Comes from the Greek word for the “study of nature” (physio= nature; logy= study of)
Study of how the structure of these organism perform their functions
• It is the science of body functions—how the body parts work.
• “Functions”

A

Physiology

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14
Q
  • The study of the functions of living organs
  • Cornerstone of human physiology
A

Cell Physiology

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15
Q
  • Study of the functions of specific organs
A

. Special physiology

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16
Q
  • Includes all aspects of the functions of specific organ systems
A

Systemic physiology

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17
Q
  • Study of the effects of diseases on organs or system functions
  • Study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging
A

Pathophysiology

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18
Q

• The study of the form and function of the human body and their characteristics and the
functional changes happening due to disease and aging.

A

Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology

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19
Q

Structural Organization

A

1.Chemical level –atoms & molecules,
compounds
2.Cellular level
3.Tissue level
4.Organ level
5.Organ system level
6.Organism level

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20
Q

◦Simplest level, the body is composed of atoms (indivisible)
◦The basic and smallest unit of all matter. (Eg. Oxygen atom)

A

Atoms

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21
Q

◦Combination of two or more atoms.

A

Molecules

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22
Q

◦A molecule containing atoms of more than one element. (eg. Water (H2O),
Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids

A

Compounds

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23
Q

◦Smallest independent units of life
◦Basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals
◦Growth, metabolism, irritability, and reproduction
◦Cells vary in size from a sperm (which is about 5 um) long to a nerve cell with thin fibers (which
maybe a meter long). Eg.Muscle cells, Nerve cells, Epithelial cells

A

Cellular Level / Cells

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24
Q

• Made up of many similar cells that perform a specific function.

A

Tissue Level / Tissues

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25
Q

Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands.

A

Epithelial Tissues

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26
Q

Connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues.

A

Connective Tissues

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27
Q

Carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses.

A

Nervous Tissues

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28
Q

Contracts to make body parts move and generates heat.

A

Muscular Tissue

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29
Q

◦Tissues that are joined together
◦Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues
◦they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes
◦Eg. stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs, and brain

A

Organ Level / Organs

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30
Q

◦Consists of related organs with a common function.

A

System level / Systems / Organ system

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31
Q

◦Any living individual.
◦All the parts of the human body functioning together

A

Organism Level / Organism

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32
Q

Comprises all skeletal muscles; primary function is locomotion

A

Muscular System

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33
Q

Comprises brain and spinal cord and the nerves arising from them;
the master system that coordinates the activities of all other systems

A

Nervous System

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34
Q

Consisting of ductless glands which produce secretions called
hormones

A

Endocrine System

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35
Q

Heart and blood vessels; and the lymphatic system composing of
lymph nodes and vessels

A

Circulatory System

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36
Q

Consisting of joints and their associated bones and ligaments

A

Articular System

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37
Q

Comprising the lungs and the system of tubes for air

A

Respiratory System

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38
Q

Kidneys, urinary bladder and excretory passages;
elimination of waste material in urine

A

Urinary System

39
Q

Comprising various organs concerned with reproduction

A

Reproductive System

40
Q

Bones and cartilaginous parts like chest and nose

A

Skeletal System

41
Q

Skin and its appendages

A

Integumentary System

42
Q

Oral cavity, pharynx and gut; extends from mouth to anus;
glands like the liver and the pancreas. Concerned with the
assimilation of food

A

Digestive System

43
Q

Sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body.

A

Metabolism

44
Q

Breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler
components.

A

Catabolism

45
Q

Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller,
simpler components

A

Anabolism

46
Q

Body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.

A

Responsiveness

47
Q

Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells,
and even tiny structures inside cells.

A

Movement

48
Q

Increase in body size that results from an increase in the size
of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both.

A

Growth

49
Q

Development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

A

Differentiation

50
Q

Refers either to (1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth,
repair, or replacement, or (2) the production of a new individual

A

Reproduction

51
Q

• “unchanging sameness”, “staying the same”. (homeo= “the same”, stasis = standing still)
• Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment that is essential to life.
• Dynamic state of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant
interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes.

A

Homeostasis

52
Q

–One way to disrupt HOMEOSTASIS
–is the overall disruption that forces the body to make ADAPTIVE
CHANGES.

A

Stress

53
Q

Factors causing stress are called

A

STRESSORS.

54
Q

Occurs when the activities of a cell, tissue, organ or
organ system change automatically when faced
with some environment variation

A

Autoregulation

55
Q

Results from activities of the nervous or endocrine
system, organ systems that can control or adjust the
activities of many different systems simultaneously

A

Extrinsic Regulation

56
Q

fluid within cells

A

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

57
Q

fluid outside body cells

A

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

58
Q

ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues.

A

Interstitial fluid

59
Q

ECF within blood vessels

A

Blood plasma

60
Q

–ECF within lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph fluid

61
Q

–ECF within brain and spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

62
Q

–ECF in the joints

A

Synovial Fluid

63
Q

ECF in the eyes

A

Aqueous humor and Vitreous body

64
Q

▪ Surrounds the body
▪ Changes like temp, pressure and contact with
microorganisms
▪ Source of oxygen and nutrients required by all
body cells.
▪ Waste products of cellular activity are eventually
excreted into the external environment.

A

External Environment

65
Q

provides an effective barrier between the body
tissues and the consistently changing external
environment

A

Skin

66
Q

Water-based medium in which body cells exist. Cells are bathed in fluid called interstitial or
tissue fluid.
▪ Absorb oxygen and nutrients from the surrounding interstitial fluid
▪ Cellular wastes diffuse into the bloodstream via the interstitial fluid

A

Internal Environment

67
Q

• Allows the cell (plasma) membrane to control the entry or exit of many substances, thereby regulating the composition of its internal environment
• Ensures that the chemical composition of the fluid inside cells is different from the
interstitial fluid that bathes them.

A

Selective permeability

68
Q

• The body can regulate its internal environment through
•is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, reevaluated, and so on.

A

Feedback system or Feedback loop

69
Q

Feedback System

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptors
  3. Control Center
  4. Effector
  5. Response
70
Q

disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a controlled condition

A

Stimulus

71
Q

monitor changes in a controlled condition and sends input (nerve impulses or
chemical signals) to a control center thru the afferent pathway

A

Receptor/Sensor

72
Q

establishes the set point, evaluates the input it receives
from the receptors, and generates output commands (nerve impulses or chemical signals) to effectors thru the efferent pathway

A

Control center/ Integrating system

73
Q

range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained

A

Set point

74
Q

– receive output from the control center and produce a response or change

A

Effectors

75
Q

– return to homeostasis by correcting the disturbance that occurred as detected by the
receptors

A

Response

76
Q

• If the change/ effect is opposite/ negative to the initiating stimulus
• Most of the negative feedback mechanisms are beneficial
• Maintenance of homeostasis by negative feedback goes on throughout the body at all times

A

Negative Feedback

77
Q

• Rare in the body because they tend to increase the original disturbance (stimulus) and to push the variable farther from its original value.
• Effectors respond by exaggerating or enhancing the stimulus
• Typically used to deal with threat or stress
• Eg. Giving birth -contractions promote more contractions until delivery

A

Positive Feedback

78
Q

❑Study of the changes that occur in cells, tissues and organs when altered by
disease and/or injury and the effects these have on normal body function.
❑Provide an understanding of the mechanisms of disease and to explain how and
why alterations in body structure and function lead to the signs and symptoms of
disease.

A

Pathophysiology

79
Q

Study of the cause(s) of disease and/or injury

A

Etiology

80
Q

Causes of disease can be either:

A

Endogenous, Exogenous

81
Q

originating from within the body

A

Endogenous

82
Q

coming from outside the body

A

Exogenous

83
Q

Diseases can be of unknown cause

A

Idiopathic

84
Q

denotes a new disorder, not the patient’s original condition
e.g. Hospital-acquired infection

A

Nosocomial

85
Q

Some conditions are caused by the effects of treatments and called

A

iatrogenic.

86
Q

-The scientific study of disease.
-Includes the study of structural alterations in cells, tissues and organs that help to identify the cause of disease.

A

PATHOLOGY

87
Q

clinical features and include the signs and symptoms of disease

A

Etiology and pathogenesis of disease

88
Q

an indication that a disease is present and is what the patient usually complains of

A

Symptoms

89
Q

what the clinician or healthcare practitioner is looking or feeling for.

A

Sign

90
Q

a disease are often accompanied by structural or functional changes that can be investigated.

A

Clinical features

91
Q

Some conditions identify similar clinical features to describe them such as indigestion and angina; the same descriptions of chest pain appear in both conditions and it is difficult at times to tell them apart

A

differential diagnosis

92
Q

disease is required to ensure prompt and accurate diagnosis to allow treatment to be instigated.

A

Proper investigation

93
Q

A range of diagnostic interventions may be required such as:

A

X-ray
Laboratory Investigations

94
Q

The Laboratory Investigations

A

○ Microbiology
○ Immunology
○ Biochemistry
○ Haematology
○ Histopathology
○ Genetics

ANAPHY (21 decks)

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