Brain and Behavior Flashcards
1
Q
Franz Gall Theory
A
Part of the brain responsible for traits will grow as that trait is developed - measured psychological attributes by measuring the skull
2
Q
Who measured psychological attributes by measuring the skull?
A
Franz Gall
3
Q
Pierre Flourens
A
Observed behavioral consequences of removing various parts of the brain - found that specific parts of the brain have functions and removal of one weakens the whole brain
4
Q
Who was the first major study of functions of major portions of the brain?
A
Pierre Flourens
5
Q
Ablation
A
Removal of various portions of the brain
6
Q
William James
A
Functionalism - system of thought that studied how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments
7
Q
Who is considered the father of american psychology?
A
William James
8
Q
John Dewey
A
Believed that organisms react to a stimulus as a whole rather than by the reflex arc (breaks reactions into discrete parts)
9
Q
Paul Broca
A
Demonstrated that specific functional impairments are linked to brain lesions
10
Q
Who examined behavioral deficits in those with brain damage?
A
Paul Broca
11
Q
Broca’s area
A
Portion of the left brain responsible for the motor portion of language
12
Q
Where in the brain is Broca’s area?
A
Frontal lobe
13
Q
If someone is unable to form language properly, what part of the brain is affected?
A
Broca’s Area, frontal lobe
14
Q
Herman Von Helmholtz
A
Measured the speed of a nerve impulse
15
Q
Who first measured the speed of a nerve impulse?
A
Herman Von Helmholtz
16
Q
Sir Charles Sherrington
A
Discovered the existence of synapses
17
Q
Who discovered the existence of synapses?
A
Sir Charles Sherrington
18
Q
What was wrong with Sir Charles Sharrington’s understanding of synapses?
A
Thought transmission was electrical, now we know it is primarily chemical
19
Q
Are sensory neurons afferent or efferent?
A
Afferent
20
Q
What neurons transmit from body to the brain?
A
Sensory, afferent
21
Q
Are motor neurons afferent or efferent?
A
Efferent
22
Q
What neurons transmit from brain to the body?
A
Motor, efferent
23
Q
Sensory neuron function
A
Transmit sensory information from receptors in the body to the brain and spinal cord
24
Q
Motor neuron function
A
Transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
25
What are interneurons and where are they primarily found?
Linked to reflexive behavior and are found mostly in the brain and spinal cord
26
What makes up the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
27
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
Nerve tissues and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord
28
What is the PNS broken into?
Somatic and Autonomic Systems
29
What is the autonomic system broken into?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems
30
What part of the nervous system is the somatic system part of?
Peripheral
31
What part of the nervous system is the autonomic system part of?
Peripheral
32
What part of the nervous system is the sympathetic system part of?
Autonomic, Peripheral
33
What part of the nervous system is the parasympathetic system part of?
Autonomic, Peripheral
34
What is the function of the somatic system?
Sensory and motor information
35
What is the function of the autonomic system?
Involuntary and internal organ function
36
Which system is the fight or flight response?
Sympathetic system
37
Which system is the rest and digest response?
Parasympathetic
38
What activates the sympathetic system?
Stress
39
When one is stressed, what system is activated?
Sympathetic
40
What are meninges?
Thick sheath of connective tissue covering the brain
41
What tissue makes up the meninges?
Connective
42
What is the function of the meninges?
Protects the brain, anchors brain within the skull, reabsorbs CSF
43
What do the hindbrain and the Midbrain make up?
Brainstem
44
Which sections of the brain make up the brainstem?
Hindbrain and midbrain
45
What are the three structures of the hindbrain?
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Reticular Formation
46
Where is the cerebellum found?
Hindbrain
47
Where is the medulla oblongata found?
Hindbrain
48
Where is the reticular formation found?
Hindbrain
49
What are the two structures of the midbrain?
Inferior and superior colliculi
50
Where is the inferior colliculi found?
Midbrain
51
Where is the superior colliculi found?
Midbrain
52
What are the five structures of the forebrain?
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Cerebral cortex
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
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53
Where is the cerebral cortex found?
Forebrain
54
Where is the basal ganglia found?
Forebrain
55
Where is the limbic system found?
Forebrain
56
Where is the thalamus found?
Forebrain
57
Where is the hypothalamus found?
Forebrain
58
Where is visual sensory input processed?
Superior colliculi
59
Where is auditory input processed?
Inferior colliculi
60
What is the main function of the inferior and superior colliculi?
Sensorimotor reflexes caused by auditory and visual stimulus
61
What is responsible for refined motor movements such as balance?
Cerebellum
62
What structure is heavily affected by alcohol?
Cerebellum
63
What is the main function of the cerebellum?
Refined motor movements
64
What is the main function of the medulla oblongata?
Vital functions including breathing and digesting
65
What is the main function of the reticular formation?
Arousal and alertness
66
What structure is responsible for breathing?
Medulla Oblongata
67
What structure is responsible for digesting?
Medulla Oblongata
68
What structure is responsible for arousal?
Reticular formation
69
What is neuropsychology?
Study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain
70
What is created through electrical stimulation of brain cells?
Cortical maps
71
What do cortical maps show?
When specific parts of the brain are electrically stimulated, they light up - shows regions of the brain responsible for functions
72
What does regional cerebral blood flow show?
Broad patterns of neural activity based on blood flow
73
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
Relay station for incoming sensory information and sorts and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex
74
What sensory input does the thalamus not process?
Smell
75
What structure sorts and transmits sensory information to the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
76
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?
Maintains homeostasis and is a key player in high arousal states
77
What three structures make up the hypothalamus?
Lateral
Ventromedial
Anterior
78
What is the primary function of the lateral hypothalamus?
Hunger center
79
Where is the hunger center found?
Lateral hypothalamus
80
What is the primary function of the ventromedial hypothalamus?
Satiety center (signals to stop eating)
81
Where would someone who suffers from incontrollable hunger have a brain lesion (likely obese)?
Ventromedial hypothalamus
82
Where is the satiety center?
Ventromedial hypothalamus
83
What is the primary function of the anterior hypothalamus?
Sexual behavior, sleep, body temperature
84
What glands are associated with the hypothalamus?
Posterior pituitary
| Pineal Gland
85
What hormones does the posterior pituitary release?
ADH
| Oxytocin
86
What hormone does ADH represent and what is another name for it?
Antidiuretic hormone
| Vasopressin
87
What hormones does the pineal gland release?
Melatonin
88
What does melatonin regulate?
Circadian rhythms
89
What is the primary role of the pineal gland?
Regulating biological rhythms
90
What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?
Coordinate muscle movement by receiving information from the cortex and relaying it to the brain/spinal cord
91
What structure is responsible for smooth muscle movements and posture?
Basal ganglia
92
What is the extrapyramidal motor system?
Gathers information about the body position and relays it to the CNS
93
Where does the extrapyramidal motor system function?
Basal ganglia
94
What disorders are associated with dysfunction of the basal ganglia?
Parkinsons
OCD
Schizophrenia
95
What neurotransmitter is associated with the basal ganglia?
Dopamine
96
A person with Parkinsons is likely to have issues with which brain structure?
Basal Ganglia
97
Which side of the brain is dominant in the majority of people?
Left
98
What is the primary function of the limbic system?
Emotion and memory
99
What main structure is primarily responsible for memory and emotion?
Limbic System
100
What structures make up the limbic system?
Septal Nuclei
Amygdala
Hippocampus
101
What is the primary function of the septal nuclei?
Pleasure center
102
Where is the primary pleasure center?
Septal nuclei
103
What is the primary function of the amygdala?
Defensive and aggressive behaviors such as fear and rage
104
Where do aggressive behaviors such as fear come from?
Amygdala
105
What is the primary function of the hippocampus?
Long-term memory and learning
106
What is the fornix?
Long projection from the hippocampus used for communication
107
What part of the hippocampus is responsible for communication?
Fonix
108
Someone with an inability to form new memories would have an injury in what part of the brain?
Hippocampus
109
What is anterograde amnesia?
Inability to establish new long-term memories
110
What brain structure is involved with anterograde amnesia?
Limbic system, specifically the hippocampus
111
What is retrograde amnesia?
Memory loss of events that occurred before an injury occurred
112
What are the four regions of the cerebral cortex and where is each found?
Frontal - forehead
Parietal - behind frontal and above occipital
Occipital - back bottom
Temporal - in front of occipital, under frontal
113
What is the primary function of the frontal cortex?
Executive functions
114
What is the primary function of the temporal cortex?
Auditory / Hearing functions
115
Which cortex would Wernicke's area be found in?
Temporal
116
What is the primary function of Wernicke's area?
Language reception and comprehension
117
Where would someone who is able to comprehend language have a lesion?
Wernicke's area, temporal lobe
118
What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?
Visual functions
119
What is the primary function of the parietal lobe?
Response to touch, pain, and temperature
120
Where is the primary motor cortex found?
Between frontal and parietal lobes
121
What part of the cortex is responsible for voluntary muscle movements?
Primary motor cortex
122
Where is the somatosensory cortex found?
Behind to motor cortex, between frontal and parietal lobes
123
What function is acetylcholine responsible for?
Voluntary muscle movement, PNS, attention, and alertness
124
Which neurotransmitter may have a role in Alzheimers?
Acetylcholine
125
What neurotransmitter is associated potentially with schizophrenia?
Dopamine
126
What is the primary function of serotonin?
Mood, sleep, eat, dream
127
What are the brain stabilizing neurotransmitters?
GABA and glycine
128
What are GABA and glycine responsible for?
Brain stabilization
129
What is the brain exciting neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
130
What is glutamate responsible for?
Brain excitation
131
What are endorphins responsible for?
Natural pain killers
132
Does the nervous or endocrine system work faster usually?
Nervous
133
Where are epi and nor-epi secreted from?
Adrenal glands
134
Where are corticosteroids secreted from?
Adrenal glands
135
Where are sex hormones secreted from?
Adrenal glands
136
What hormones do the adrenal glands secrete?
Epi
Norepi
Corticosteroids
Sex hormones
137
What are the gonads?
Sex glands
138
At what age does stranger anxiety start?
7months
139
At what age does separation anxiety start?
12months
140
At what age does parallel play start?
24months
141
What is parallel play?
Children play alongside one another but do not influence the others' play
142
At what age does gender identity start?
3years
143
At what age do children conform to their peers?
5years
144
At what age do children start feeling romantic feelings?
5years
