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Social Process, Attitude, Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Social action was described by

A

Max Weber

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2
Q

Social action is defined as

A

Actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around

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3
Q

Is social action focused on the individual or a group?

A

Individual

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4
Q

Is social interaction focused on the individual or a group?

A

Group of two or more

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5
Q

Social facilitation

A

People tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others

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6
Q

What explains why people tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others

A

Social facilitation

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7
Q

Do people perform better or worse on complex tasks when watched?

A

Worse

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8
Q

Deindividuation

A

Loss of self-awareness in large groups, which can lead to drastic changes in behavior

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9
Q

Antinormative behavior

A

Provides an example of why violent behavior can be seen in crowds or riots - individual loses his sense of individuality

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10
Q

What is the relationship between the number of people who observe an event and the likelihood of intervention?

A

Inverse

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11
Q

Are bystanders more or less likely to intervene in a high-danger scenario as compared to low-danger?

A

More likely

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12
Q

Social loafing

A

Tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually

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13
Q

Sociological definition of a peer

A

People who are equals within a social group

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14
Q

Is peer pressure always negative?

A

No

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15
Q

Cognitive dissonance definition and consequences

A

Simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions - leads to an internal state of conflict that is resolved by changing, adding to, or minimizing one of the dissonant thoughts

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16
Q

Identity shift effect

A

Explains the mechanism behind peer pressure during which a social rejection disrupts an internal state of harmony and the individual conforms to the group and eventually adopts those views as their own so as to reduce internal conflict

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17
Q

Group polarization

A

Tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas of the members within the group

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18
Q

Groupthink

A

Desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision

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19
Q

Illusion of invulnerability

A

Creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking

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20
Q

Illusion of invulnerability is related to what social phenomenon?

A

Groupthink

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21
Q

Collective rationalization

A

Ignoring warnings against the ideas of the group

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22
Q

Collective rationalization is related to what social phenomenon

A

Groupthink

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23
Q

Illusion of morality

A

Belief that the group’s decisions are morally correct

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24
Q

Illusion of morality is related to what social phenomenon

A

Groupthink

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25
Excessive stereotyping is related to what social phenomenon
Groupthink
26
Pressure for conformity is related to what social phenomenon
Groupthink
27
Self-censorship is related to what social phenomenon
Groupthink
28
Excessive stereotyping
Construction of stereotypes against the ideas of the group
29
Pressure for conformity
Pressure on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group - viewing the opposition as disloyal
30
Illusion of unanimity is related to what social phenomenon
Groupthink
31
Mindguards are related to what social phenomenon
Groupthink
32
Self-censorship
Withholding of opposing views
33
Illusion of unanimity
False sense of agreement within the group
34
Mindguards
Appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing groups
35
Does groupthink lead to good decision-making?
No
36
Mass hysteria
Shared, intense concern about the treats to society
37
Is culture universal or characteristic of the sophisticated?
Universal
38
What is defined as the beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society?
Culture
39
Cultural assimilation
Process by which an individual or group behavior begins to resemble that of another
40
Ethnic enclaves
Locations with high concentration of one specific ethnicity
41
Multiculturalism
Communities or societies containing multiple cultures - encourages and respects cultural differences
42
Subculture versus counterculture
Subculture - groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong but does not directly oppose the culture itself Counterculture - subculture gravitates towards an identity that is at odds with the majority culture
43
Socialization
Process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
44
Primary socialization
Occurs during childhood when one learns the acceptable actions and attitudes for society
45
How does primary socialization mainly occur?
Observation of parents and other adults in close proximity
46
During what timeperiod in development does primary socialization occur?
Childhood
47
Secondary socialization
Process of learning appropriate behavior within small sections of the larger society
48
How does secondary socialization mainly occur?
Outside the home - school, sports
49
What socialization mainly occurs at home?
Primary
50
During what timeperiod in development does secondary socialization occur?
Adolescence and adulthood
51
Anticipatory socialization
Process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupation, living situations, or relationships
52
Resocialization
Process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change
53
Folkways
Norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions, such as shaking hands at the end of a game
54
Deviance
Violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society
55
Is deviance negative or positive in sociological perspective?
Can be either - just a change from the norm
56
Social stigma
Extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society
57
Labeling theory
Labels given to people affect how others respond to that person and that person's self-image
58
Differential association theory
People tend to adopt the deviant or norm-abiding behaviors of those they are most surrounded by
59
Strain theory
Attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to to the disconnect between social goals and social structure
60
Two distinct types of conformity
Internalization and identification
61
Internalization
Changing one's behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group
62
Identification
Outward acceptance of others' ideas without personally taking on these ideas
63
What is the difference between conformity and compliance?
Conformity involves matching behaviors and attitudes to social norms while compliance involves a change in behavior based on a direct request
64
Compliance
Change in behavior based on a direct request
65
Foot-in-the-door technique
Small request is made and once compliance is gained, asking a larger request
66
Door-in-the-face technique
Large request is made at first if refused, a smaller request is then made
67
Lowball technique
Requestor will get initial commitment from an individual and then raise the cost of the commitment when it is harder for them to back out of the commitment
68
That's-not-all technique
An individual offer is made and then before a decision is made, more is added to the additional offer
69
What technique is displayed by an infomercial that offers one item for a set price and then adds an additional item at no additional cost?
That's-not-all technique
70
What technique is displayed by a boss who asks an employee to head a committee requiring 5 hours a month of meetings, while the commitment also includes a meeting report
Lowball technique
71
What technique is displayed by someone asking for two weeks of vacation and when denied, asking for one week instead
Door-in-the-face technique
72
What technique is displayed by asking for help with an assignment and during help session, asking for a week of tutoring
Foot-in-the-door technique
73
What is the difference between compliance and obedience?
Compliance is a request made by someone without actual authority while obedience is a request made by someone with authority
74
Obedience
Changing behavior due to a direct request from an authority figure
75
Are people more likely to obey or comply?
Obey - threat of power
76
Social cognition
Ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior
77
Affective component of attitude
Emotion component of attitude
78
"I love my family" represents which component of attitude?
Affective
79
Behavioral component of attitude
Way in which a person acts towards something
80
Spending time with family represents which component of attitude?
Behavioral
81
Cognitive component of attitude
Way in which an individual thinks about something - usually justifies affect and behavior
82
Knowing snakes can be poisonous represents which component of attitude?
Cognitive
83
Functional attitudes theory
Four functional areas of attitude: - Knowledge - Ego expression - Adaptability - Ego defense
84
Knowledge portion of attitude
Knowing attitudes of others can help to predict their behavior
85
Ego expression of attitude
Allow us to communicate and solidify self identity
86
Adaptability of attitude
One will be accepted if acceptable attitudes are expressed
87
Ego defense of attitude
Attitudes protect self-esteem or justify actions
88
Central route processing
Deep thinking and scrutiny of an argument
89
Peripheral processing
Focus on superficial details of someone presenting an argument, catchphrases, logos
90
Learning theory
Attitudes are developed through forms of leaning - Direct contact - Direct interaction - Direct instruction - Conditioning
91
Elaboration likelihood model
Attitudes are formed and changes through different routes of information processing based on the degree of elaboration
92
Social cognitive theory
Attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, personality, and envionment

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