Sensation and Perception Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
A
Sensation is the unfiltered raw information that PNS receptors receive and perception is the processing of this information in order to understand its significance
2
Q
Transduction
A
Conversion of physical, electromagnetic, auditory, and other information from our internal and external environment to electrical signals in the nervous system
3
Q
Does sensation start in the PNS or CNS?
A
PNS to CNS
4
Q
Ganglia
A
Collections of neuron cell bodies found outside the CNS that receive a stimulus and transmit it to CNS
5
Q
Projection areas
A
Parts of the brain that accept electrochemical energy (sensory input) and further analyze it
6
Q
What do photoreceptors respond to?
A
Electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum
7
Q
What receptors are involved in sight?
A
Photoreceptors
8
Q
What do hair cells respond to?
A
Movement of fluid in the inner ear
9
Q
What receptors are involved in hearing?
A
Hair cells
10
Q
What receptors are involved in rotational and linear acceleration?
A
Hair cells
11
Q
What do nociceptors respond to?
A
Painful or noxious stimuli
12
Q
What receptors are involved in somatosensation?
A
Nociceptors
13
Q
What do thermoreceptors respond to?
A
Changes in temperature
14
Q
What receptors are involved in thermosensation?
A
Thermoreceptors
15
Q
What do osmoreceptors respond to?
A
Osmolarity of the blood
16
Q
What receptors are involved in blood osmolarity?
A
Osmoreceptors
17
Q
What do olfactory receptors respond to?
A
Volatile compounds
18
Q
What receptors are involved in smell?
A
Olfactory receptors
19
Q
What do taste receptors respond to?
A
Dissolved compounds
20
Q
What receptors are involved in taste?
A
Taste receptors
21
Q
Absolute threshold
A
Minimum stimulus energy required to activate a sensory system
22
Q
Is an absolute threshold a threshold in sensation or perception and why?
A
Sensation - the change will still cause a difference in the receptors but is not enough to create an action potential
23
Q
Threshold of conscious perception
A
Stimulus is enough to be transduced by the CNS but still not big enough to be perceived because it is either too short or too subtle
24
Q
Just-noticeable difference (difference threshold)
A
Minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive the difference
25
Weber's Law
There is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a JND and the magnitude of the original stimulus
26
Signal Detection Theory
Changes in our perception of the same stimuli depending on both internal and external context
27
Response bias
Tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to nonsensory factors
28
What happens in a catch trial?
Signal is presented
29
What happens in a noise trial?
Signal is not presented
30
What are the four outcomes in a signal detection experiment?
Hit: correct detection of a signal
Miss: subject fails to perceive a certain signal
False Alarm: subject seems to perceive a signal when none was given
Correct Negative: correct identification that no signal was given
31
What is it called when your body and mind try to focus only on relevant stimuli?
Adaptation
32
Threshold
Minimum amount of stimulus that renders a difference in perception
33
Duplicity theory of vision
The retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors
34
What are the two kinds of photoreceptors
Rods: light and dark perception
Cones: color detection
35
What are cones?
Used for color vision and to detect fine details
36
Which photoreceptors are used for color vision?
Cones
37
What are rods:
Used for sensation of light and dark
38
Which photoreceptors are used for light and dark vision?
Rods
39
Are there more rods or cones in the retina?
Rods (120mil vs 6mil)
40
Where are rods and cones found?
Retina, eye
41
What pigment do rods contain?
Rhodopsin
42
What are the three types of cones and which colors do they have the highest absorption at?
S: short - blue/purple
M: medium - green
L: long - red
43
What is the central part of the retina called?
Macula
44
Macula
Central part of the retina that has a high concentration of cones
45
Fovea
Centermost point of the macula which contains only cones
46
Which part of the retina contains only cones?
Fovea
47
Which photoreceptors does the macula mostly contain?
Cones
48
Where do rods and cones connect?
Bipolar cells
49
What are bipolar cells?
Cells where rods and cones connect
50
What do bipolar cells synapse with?
Ganglion cells
51
What is the optic nerve comprised of?
Bipolar and ganglion cells
52
What is the relationship between number of receptors and resolution?
As more receptors converge on an individual ganglion cell, resolution decreases
53
Do rods or cones have greater sensitivity?
Cones
54
What are amacrine and horizontal cells?
Receive input from multiple retinal cells in the same area before the information is passed on to ganglion cells - accentuate differences between visual information in each bipolar cell
55
Which cells are important for perception of contrast?
Amacrine and horizontal cells
56
Which three areas of the brain receive visual input from the optic chiasm?
Lateral thalamus
Visual cortex of occipital lobe
Superior colliculus
57
Optic chiasm
Fibers from the nasal half of each retina cross paths - tracts from both left sides of the eye go to left brain meaning that right visual field goes to left brain from both eyes
58
Parallel processing
Ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape, and motion
59
Parvocellular cells
Allow detection of shape
60
Do parvocellular cells have low or high spatial and temporal resolution and what does this mean?
High spatial and low temporal meaning they can see fine detail but only stationary or slow-moving objects
61
Which cells allow us to see shapes?
Parvocellular cells
62
Magnocellular cells
Allow detection of motion
63
Do magnocellular cells have low or high spatial and temporal resolution and what does this mean?
Low spatial and high temporal meaning they can see moving objects but cannot detect rich detail
64
Which cells allow us to see motion?
Magnocellular cells
65
Sclera
White of the eye, covers the majority of the eye
66
What is the white of the eye called?
Sclera
67
Choroidal vessels
Vessels between the sclera and retina
68
Which vessels lie between the sclera and retina?
Choroidal
69
What are the two types of eye blood vessels?
Choroidal and retinal
70
Retina
Innermost layer of the eye, contains the photoreceptors
71
Which part of the eye contains photoreceptors?
Retina
72
What are the three layers of the eye from outer to inner?
Sclera - choroid - retina
73
Choroid
Middle layer of the eye
74
Iris
Colored part of the eye, controls size of pupil
75
What is the colored part of the eye?
Iris
76
What is the choroid continuous with?
Iris and ciliary body
77
What is the iris continuous with?
Choroid and ciliary body
78
What is the ciliary body continuous with?
Iris and choroid
79
What produces aqueous humor?
Ciliary body
80
Ciliary body
Produces aqueous humor and contains the ciliary muscle
81
Aqueous humor
Bathes front of the eye
82
Where does the aqueous humor drain?
Canal of schlemm
83
Canal of schlemm
What the aqueous humor drains into
84
Lens
Controls the refraction of incoming light
85
Does incoming light on the right go to the right part of the eye and brain?
Left eye, left brain
86
Vitreous humor
Transparent gel that supports the retina
87
What is the transparent gel that supports the retina?
Vitreous humor
88
What are the two parts of the iris?
Dilator and constrictor pupillae
89
Where are the dilator and constrictor pupillae found?
Iris
90
What system controls the dilator pupillae?
Sympathetic
91
What system controls the constrictor pupillae?
Parasympathetic
92
What is accomodation?
Parasympathetic system controls the ciliary muscle, which contracts and pulls the suspensory ligaments to change the shape of the lens
93
What does contraction of the ciliary muscle affect?
Pulls the suspensory ligament to change the shape of the lens
94
Cornea
Front part of the eye that gathers and focuses incoming light
95
What is the pathway of light through the eye?
Cornea - anterior chamber - iris - posterior chamber - lens - vitreous humor - retina
96
Anterior chamber
Lies in front of the iris
97
Posterior chamber
Lies between the iris and the lens
98
Pupil
Allows flow of light from anterior to posterior chamber
99
What allows flow of light from anterior to posterior chamber?
Pupil
100
What controls the size of the pupil?
Iris
101
What type of sense is smell?
Chemical
102
Pheromones
Secreted by a person or animal and may affect behavior
103
Where is the taste center located?
Thalamus
104
Papillae
Taste buds
105
What are the four modalities of somatosensation?
Pressure
Vibration
Pain
Temperature
106
Two-point threshold
Minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli
107
Physiological zero
Between 86 and 97 degrees, normal temperature of the skin, objects feel hot or cold relative to this temperature
108
What is another name for kinesthetic sense?
Proprioception
109
What is another name for proprioception?
Kinesthetic sense
110
Kinesthetic sense / Proprioception
Ability to tell where one's body is in space
111
Bottom-Up processing
Brain takes individual sensory stimuli and combines them to make an image before determining what the object is
112
Is data driven processing bottom up or top down processing?
Bottomw Up
113
Is conceptually driven processing bottom up or top down processing?
Top down
114
Top-down processing
Driven by memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize the whole object and then recognize the components based on these expectations
115
Law of proximity
Elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit
116
What Gestalt Principal explains why elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit?
Law of proximity
117
What Gestalt Principal explains why objects that are grouped together tend to be similar?
Law of similarity
118
What Gestalt Principal explains why elements that follow in the same pathway tend to be grouped together?
Law of good continuation
119
What Gestalt Principal explains why we perceive contours, and therefore shapes, that are not actually present?
Law of Subjective Contours
120
What Gestalt Principal explains why a space enclosed by a contour it tends to be seen as a complete figure?
Law of Closure
121
What principal explains why perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible?
Law of pragnanz
122
Law of good continuation
Elements that follow in the same pathway tend to be grouped together
123
Law of Subjective Contours
Perceiving contours, and therefore shapes, that are not actually present
124
Law of Closure
When a space is enclosed by a contour it tends to be seen as a complete figure
125
Law of pragnanz
Perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible
126
Vestibular sense
Rotational and linear acceleration
127
What is the outside of the ear called?
Pinna or auricle
128
What part of the ear is the pinna or auricle?
Outside cartilage of the ear
129
What is another name for the pinna?
Auricle
130
What is another name for the auricle?
Pinna
131
What is the function of the pinna?
Channel sound waves into the external auditory canal
132
What is the function of the external auditory canal?
Directs sound from the pinna to the eardrum
133
What is another name for the eardrum?
Tympanic membrane
134
What is another name for the tympanic membrane?
Eardrum
135
Pathway of sound waves
Pinna - external auditory canal - tymapnic membrane (eardrum) - ossicles (malleus to incus to stapes) - cochlea (oval window to perilymph) - basilar membrane - vestibulocochlear nerve - brainstem - medial thalamus - temporal lobe
136
What is the relationship between frequency of sound waves and eardrum vibration?
Rate of vibration increases with increasing frequency
137
What is the relationship between eardrum vibration and sound volume?
Louder sounds have a higher vibration amplitude
138
Where is the eardrum?
Divides outer and middle ear
139
What is found in the middle ear?
Ossicles
140
Where are ossicles found?
Middle Ear
141
What is the function of the ossicles?
Transmit and amplify the vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear
142
What are the three ossicle bones?
Stapes
Malleus
Incus
143
What is the other name for the stapes?
Stirrup
144
What is the other name for the stirrup?
Stapes
145
What is the other name for the malleus?
Hammer
146
What is the other name for the hammer?
Malleus
147
What is the other name for the incus?
Anvil
148
What is the other name for the anvil?
Incus
149
Which ossicle is attached to the eardrum?
Malleus
150
What is located at the entrance to the inner ear?
Cochlea
151
Where is the cochlea?
Entrance to inner ear, baseplate of stapes rests in cochlea
152
How is the middle ear connected to the nasal cavity?
Eustachian tube
153
What is the function of the eustachian tube?
Equalize the pressure between the middle ear and environment
154
What is the inner ear comprised of?
Cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals
155
What is endolymph?
Potassium-rich fluid filling the inner ear
156
What is perilymph?
Fluid within which the inner ear is suspended within
157
What does the perilymph do?
Transmits vibrations from the outside world and cushions inner ear structures
158
What are scalae?
Three parts of the choclea that run along the entire structure
159
Which scalae houses hearing apparatus?
Middle
160
Organ of corti
Hearing apparatus in the middle scalae of the cochlea which contains hair cells
161
Basilar membrane
Thin membrane that the organ of corti rests on
162
Tectorial membrane
Immobile membrane on top of the organ or corti
163
What are the top and bottom scalae filled with?
Perilymph
164
What carries electrical signal of sound to the CNS?
Auditory (vestibular) nerve
165
Vestibulary nerve
Carries electrical signal of sound to the CNS
166
What portion of the ear is responsible for linear acceleration?
Vestible
167
What is the function of the vestibule?
Part of the balancing apparatus that allows one to determine 3D position in space (linear acceleration)
168
What are the two structures of the vestibule?
Utricle and saccule
169
Where is the ear are the utricle and saccule found?
Inner ear, vestibule
170
What are otoliths?
Cover the modified hair cells of the vestibule that resist forward acceleration and send signals to CNS
171
What portion of the ear is responsible for rotational acceleration?
Semicircular canals
172
What is the function of the semicircular canals?
Send signal to the brain during rotational acceleration
173
What part of the semicircular canal contains hair cells?
Ampulla
174
What four structures do sound signals travel to?
Medial thalamus
Auditory cortex in temporal lobe
Superior Olive
Inferior colliculus
175
What does the superior olive do?
Sound localization
176
What structure is responsible for sound localization?
Superior Olive
