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MCAT > Cognition, Consciousness, Language > Flashcards

Cognition, Consciousness, Language Flashcards

1
Q

How does Piaget define learning?

A

Instinctual interaction with the environment

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2
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

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3
Q

Assimilation according to Piaget?

A

Process of classifying new information into existing schemata

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4
Q

Accommodation according to Piaget?

A

Process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass new information

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5
Q

What ages span Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

A

Birth to two years

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6
Q

What ages span Piaget’s preoperational stage?

A

Two to seven years

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7
Q

What ages span Piaget’s concrete operational stage?

A

Seven to eleven years

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8
Q

What ages span Piaget’s formal operational stage?

A

Over eleven years

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9
Q

Primary circular reactions

A

Originally occurred by chance but found to be soothing - ie sucking the thumb

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10
Q

Secondary circular reactions

A

Something done outside the body that receives a reaction from the environment - ie throwing a toy

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11
Q

Secondary circular reactions

A

Something done outside the body that receives a reaction from the environment - ie throwing a toy

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12
Q

What end the sensorimotor stage according to Piaget?

A

Object permanence

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13
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

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14
Q

At about what age do children develop object permanence?

A

Two

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15
Q

What is representational thought?

A

Creation of mental representations of external objects and events

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16
Q

What is characteristic of Piaget’s preoperational stage?

A

Symbolic thinking, egocentism, centration

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17
Q

What is symbolic thinking?

A

Ability to pretend, play make-believe, and have an imagination

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18
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

Inability to imagine what another person may think or feel

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19
Q

What is centration?

A

Tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon or inability to understand the concept of conservation

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20
Q

What is characteristic of Piaget’s concrete operational stage?

A

Ability to understand conservation and consider the perspectives of others but inability to think abstractly

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21
Q

What is characteristic of Piaget’s concrete operational stage?

A

Ability to understand conservation and consider the perspectives of others but inability to think abstractly

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22
Q

What is characteristic of Piaget’s formal operational stage?

A

Ability to think logically about abstract ideas, problem-solving

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23
Q

A child who demonstrates an ability to problem-solve would be in which stage of development according to Piaget?

A

Formal operational

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24
Q

What did Lev Vygotsky believe about cognitive development and culture?

A

Cognitive development is a child’s internalization of their culture

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25
What is fluid intelligence?
Problem-solving skills
26
What type of intelligence is problem-solving?
Fluid intelligence
27
What is crystallized intelligence?
Use of learned skills and knowledge
28
What type of intelligence is use of learned skills?
Crystallized intelligence
29
What is delirium?
Rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and medically caused
30
What causes delirium?
Medical causes
31
Is delirium reversible?
Yes
32
What are the three steps of information processing?
Encoding, storage, and retrieval
33
What are the three steps of information processing?
Encoding, storage, and retrieval
34
What is a mental set in problem solving?
Tendency to approach similar problems in the same way
35
What is functional fixedness in problem solving?
Inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner
36
When is trial-and-error effective?
Relatively few possible solutions
37
What is deductive reasoning?
Start with a set of general rules and draw conclusions from the information given
38
What type of problem-solving do logic puzzles require?
Deductive reasoning
39
What is inductive reasoning?
Creation of a theory from generalizations
40
Is deductive reasoning top down or bottom up processing?
Top down
41
Is inductive reasoning top down or bottom up processing?
Bottom up
42
What is another name for a heuristic?
Rule of thumb
43
What is the availability heuristic?
Make decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined
44
What is the representativeness heuristic?
Categorize items no the basis of whether they fit a prototypical image of the category
45
What is the base rate fallacy?
Using stereotypical factors while ignoring numerical information
46
What is confirmation bias?
Tendency to focus on information that fits an individual's beliefs while rejecting information that goes against them
47
What might prevent someone from eliminating an option that failed during testing?
Confirmation bias / belief perseverance
48
What is belief perseverance?
Inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary
49
What is intuition?
Ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by actual evidence
50
Who believes that there are multiple intelligences?
Howard Gardner
51
Howard Gardner theory of intelligence
Multiple intelligences - Western culture values linguistics and logical-mathematical
52
Stanford-Binet IQ test
IQ=((mental age)/(chronological age))*100
53
Consciousness is?
One's level of awareness of both the world and one's own existence within that world
54
Which brain fibers communicate to maintain alertness?
Prefrontal cortex and reticular formation in the branistem
55
Where is melatonin secreted from?
Pineal gland
56
Where is cortisol produced?
Adrenal cortex
57
How does cortisol affect sleep-wake cycling?
Light in the morning leads to release of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) from hypothalamus --> CRF causes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from anterior pituitary which stimulates cortisol release
58
What is corticotropin releasing factor?
Light stimulates its release from hypothalamus and it leads to ACTH production which leads to cortisol release
59
Where is corticotropin releasing factor produced / released from?
Hypothalamus
60
What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
Stimulated by CRF, it then stimulates cortisol release
61
Where is adrenocorticotropic hormone secreted from?
Anterior pituitary
62
Activation-synthesis theory
Dreams are caused by random activation of neural circuitry stitched together by the cortex
63
Problem-Solving dream theory
Dreams are a way to solve problems while sleeping without the obstacles of the real world present
64
Cognitive process dream theory
Dreams are the sleeping counterpart of stream-of-consciousness
65
Dyssomnias
Disorders that make it hard to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep
66
Parasommnias
Abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep
67
Insomnia
Trouble falling or staying asleep
68
Narcolepsy
Characterized by lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep
69
Cataplexy
Loss of muscle control and intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours
70
One with cataplexy most likely has what sleep disorder
Narcolepsy
71
Sleep paralysis
Sensation of being unable to move despite being awake
72
Sleep apnea
Inability to breathe during sleep
73
Night terrors
Periods of intense anxiety during sleep
74
During which stage of sleep do night terrors happen?
Slow wave sleep
75
What is somnambulism also known as?
Sleepwalking
76
During which stage of sleep does sleepwalking happen?
Slow wave sleep
77
Can sleep deprivation occur after one night without sleep?
Yes
78
How do depressants affect the nervous system?
Reduce activity
79
Does alcohol increase or decrease activity of the GABA receptor?
Increases
80
Does an increase in activity of GABA receptor cause an increase or decrease in arousal?
Decrease
81
How does alcohol affect dopamine in the brain?
Increases, leading to mild euphoria
82
Alcohol myopia
Inability to recognize consequences of actions due to alcohol consumption
83
How do stimulants affect the nervous system?
Increase in arousal and activity
84
How do stimulants increase nervous system activity?
Increase frequency of action potentials
85
How do amphetamines affect the nervous system?
Increase release of dopamine, norepi, and serotonin at the synapse and decrease their reuptake
86
How does cocaine affect the nervous system?
Decrease reuptake of dopamine, norepi, and serotonin
87
Which class of stimulants does cocaine behave similarly to?
Amphetamines
88
How do opioids affect the nervous system?
Bind to opioid receptors causing a reduced reaction to pain
89
How can opioids lead to death?
Respiratory supression
90
What is the active chemical in marijuana?
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
91
How does marijuana affect nervous system?
Inhibits GABA and increases dopamine activity
92
What pathway in the brain is drug addiction related to?
Mesolimbic reward pathway
93
What is phonology?
Actual sound of language
94
What is a categorical perception?
Ability to tell the difference between speech changes and whether the differences confer meaning
95
What is morphology in language?
Structure of words
96
Morphemes
Building blocks of words
97
What is semantics in language?
Association of meaning with a word
98
What is syntax?
How words are put together into sentences
99
What is pragmatics in language?
Dependence of language on context and pre-existing knowledge
100
What is prosody in language?
Rhythm, cadence, and inflection of our voices
101
When does a child's explosion of language usually occur?
18 months
102
At what age is language generally mastered?
Five
103
What is the Whorfian hypothesis?
Our perception of reality is determined by the content of language
104
What is the language relativity hypothesis also known as?
Whorfian hypothesis
105
What is the Whorfian hypothesis also known as?
Language relativity hypothesis
106
Are language areas located in the dominant or non-dominant hemisphere?
Dominant
107
What connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas?
Arcuate Fasciculus
108
What is the arcuate fasciculus?
Bundle of axons connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas and allowing for appropriate association between language comprehension and speech production
109
Broca's area is responsible for
Motor function of speech
110
Wernicke's area is responsible for
Language comprehension
111
Broca's area is located in (lobe)
Frontal Lobe
112
Wernicke's area is located in (lobe)
Temporal lobe
113
Conduction aphasia
Lesion to arcuate fasciculus in which someone is unable to repeat words that have been said due to loss of connection between areas

MCAT (31 decks)

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