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EPPP > Brain Areas > Flashcards

Brain Areas Flashcards

1
Q

Forebrain

brain area

A

Contains – amygdala, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus.
largest, most complex part of the brain

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2
Q

Hypothalamus

sub-brain area

A

Function – regulates body function; maintains homeostasis through the ANS and endocrine glands; influences sexual/reproductive behaviors + secondary sex characteristics.

Location – forebrain
Contains – mammillary bodies and suprachiasmatic nucleus

Chemicals - +ACTH (stress), + gonadotropin GnRH (testes/ovaries), +oxytocin, +vasopressin

Response –
- maintains homeostasis through the ANS and endocrine glands
- influences sexual/reproductive behaviors + secondary sex characteristics
- releases ACTH from pituitary to regulate stress
- releases GnRH from anterior pituitary to regulation teste/ovary function
releases oxytocin during childbirth & lactation
- releases vasopressin to balance water in the kidneys

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3
Q

Mammillary Bodies

sub-brain area
mammogram boobies

A

Function – memory

Location – forebrain -> hypothalamus

Damage –
- inability to form new declarative memories

mammogram boobies, a memorable term for mammillary bodies - memory; double-d boobies -> declarative memory

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4
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

sub-brain area

A

Function – sleep & emotion; controls the body’s circadian rhythms (sleep/wake, body temp, hormone release).

Location – forebrain -> hypothalamus

Chemicals – melatonin

Response –
* sensitive to light, regulating melatonin release

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5
Q

Thalamus

sub-brain area

A

Function – memory & senses; sensory gateway (receives/transmits info for the cortex to the senses), regulates sensory info and motor functions regulated by the basal ganglia, motor cortex, and the cerebellum.

Location – forebrain

Chemicals – thiamine

Damage –
- thiamine deficiency here leads to Korsakoff’s
- anterograde & retrograde amnesia

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6
Q

Basal Ganglia

sub-brain area

A

Function – movement & emotion; initiating and coordinating voluntary movement, emotional processes, procedural/implicit memory(habits), attention, insight, planning, prioritizing info, and sensitive to reward-based learning.

Location – forebrain
Contains – striatum + globus pallidus

Damage –
- linked to Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Tourette, OCD, ADHD, and schizophrenia

Italian dancing street gang, known for their procedural memory & being emotionally motivated; starring the striatum, who makes all the decisions, & the globus pallidus thalamus; reward-winning (reward learning) piece in the park-> Parkinson’s…

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7
Q

Striatum

sub-brain area

A

Function – decision making

Location – forebrain -> basal ganglia
Contains – caudate nucleus + putamen

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8
Q

Limbic System

sub-brain area

A

Function – motivation, memory, and emotion

Location – forebrain
Contains – cingulate cortex, hippocampus, & amygdala

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9
Q

Globus Pallidus

sub-brain area

A

Function – sends info to the thalamus

Location – forebrain -> basal ganglia

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10
Q

Hippocampus

sub-brain area

A

Function – memory & learning; consolidates declarative memory (turns short-term into long-term); important for spatial memory.

Location – forebrain -> limbic system

Damage –
- linked to trouble storing memory after damage with recall intact from memories prior to damage
- linked to Alzemier’s

*extra- Long-term potentiation was first observed in the hippocampus with glutamate & is essential for learning & memory

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11
Q

Amygdala

sub-brain area

A

Function – emotion; fear, anger, emotional responses & recognition; attach emotions to memories

Location – forebrain -> limbic system

Damage –
- linked to Kluver-Bucy syndrome in monkeys
- abnormalities linked to anxiety & depression
- hyperactivity linked to PTSD
- electrical stimulation produces fear/rage response
- bilateral lesions cause loss of fear response with other emotions intact

Any the monkey -> Kluver Bucky, fear, anger, depression, anxiety, PTSD

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12
Q

Cingulate Cortex

sub-brain area

A

Function – motivation, memory, and emotion; emotional reaction to pain

Location – forebrain -> limbic system

Damage –
- results in experiencing pain w/o emotional distress
- abnormalities linked to depression & bipolar

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13
Q

Midbrain

brain area

A

Contains – reticular activating system + substantia nigra
Connects the hindbrain to the forebrain

midbrain -> middle child -> Rochelle -> RAS; Rochelle likes to play soccer in the park

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14
Q

Reticular Activating System
(RAS)

sub-brain area

A

Function – sleep & consciousness; mediates behavioral arousal & consciousness; controls sleep/wake cycle; alerts cortex of sensory signals.

Location – midbrain

Rochelle, RAS, sleep, consciousness, comatose
Extends from the medulla (hindbrain)

Damage –
- lesions linked to comatose state

*extra- electoral stimulation or sensory input can awaken a sleeping person & make an awake person more alert.

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15
Q

Substantia Nigra

sub-brain area

A

Function – movement & reward; motor control; reward-seeking behaviors including drug addiction.

Location – midbrain
Connected to the basal ganglia

Chemicals – +dopamine

Damage –
- degenerated dopamine-producing cells linked to motor symptoms of Parkinson’s
———————————
hint: substantia-substances -> dope -> dopamine -> reward
Rochelle likes to play soccer in the park -> Parkinson’s movement; reward

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16
Q

Hindbrain

brain area

A

Contains – medulla, pons, & cerebellum
most primitive part of the brain

17
Q

Brainstem

brain area

A

Contains – midbrain, medulla, & pons

18
Q

Spinal Cord

brain area

A

Contains – 31 pairs of spinal nerves that transmit info between the brain and the peripheral nervous system

Parts –
- 8 cervical
-> injuries here cause loss of movement/sensation in the arms, trunk, & legs
- 12 thoracic & 5 lumbar
-> injuries here cause loss of movement/sensation in the legs & trunk
- 5 sacral
- 1 coccygeal

19
Q

Medulla

sub-brain area

A

Function – movement & vital to survival; involuntary throat movements (coughing, sneezing, swallowing) & regulating the ANS (respiration, heartrate, blood pressure).

Location – hindbrain + brainstem

medulla the doula for Andy (ANS) vital to survival

20
Q

Pons

sub-brain area

A

Function – sleep, arousal, & regulating respiration; involved in arousal, deep sleep + REM, and inhaling/exhaling.

Location – hindbrain
Connects the 2 halves of the cerebellum + medulla to the cerebellum

21
Q

Cerebellum

sub-brain area

A

Function – movement & memory; voluntary & complex movement {posture, balance) + processing and storing procedural/implicit memories (walking, driving) & automatic behaviors (reciting the alphabet).

Location – hindbrain
Works with the motor cortex for complex movement

Damage -
- linked to ataxia (impaired balance, coordination, speech, jerky eye movements, blurred or double-vision)

22
Q

Corpus Callosum

brain area

A

Function – connects the left & right hemispheres and allows for communication with each side.

Damage -
- when cut for seizure patients, some experience split-brain (right visual field, object identification, & right motor response intact; left visual field & left motor response intact w/o object identification)

23
Q

Cerebral Cortex

brain area

A

Location – forebrain

Contains – frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, & temporal lobe.
outer layer of the cerebrum

Damage -
* left hemisphere mediates happiness/positive emotions; damage here linked to depression, anxiety, fear, & paranoia (catastrophic reaction)
* right hemisphere mediates sadness/negative emotions; damage here linked to inappropriate indifference or euphoria (indifference reaction)

24
Q

Frontal Lobe

brain area

A

Contains – prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex, & Broca’s area

Damage –
* focal onset frontal lobe seizures

25
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

sub-brain area

A

Function – emotion, memory, & executive functioning; higher-order thinking (planning, decision making, behavior inhibition, & social judgment); motivation, emotion regulation, working memory + prospective memory (memory for future events.

Location – frontal lobe

26
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

sub-brain area

A

Function – movement; voluntary movements

Location – frontal lobe
Receives info from various cortex areas; sends signals to muscles

Damage –
* causes weakness or paralysis in muscles of the opposite side of the body

27
Q

Broca’s Area

sub-brain area

A

Function – language

Location – frontal lobe left hemisphere

Damage –
* produces Broca’s/expressive aphasia (slow labored speech, anomia, impaired repetition)

28
Q

Parietal Lobe

brain area

A

Contains – somatosensory cortex.

Function –
* focal onset parietal lobe seizure

29
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

sub-brain area

A

Function – sensory input; processes sensory info relating to touch, pressure, temperature, pain, & body position.

Location – parietal lobe

30
Q

Temporal Lobe

brain area

A

Contains – auditory cortex & Wernicke’s area.

Damage –
* lesions in occipital-temporal junction causes prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces)
* focal onset temporal lobe seizures

31
Q

Auditory Cortex

sub-brain area

A

Function – processes sound

Location – temporal lobe

Damage –
* linked to auditory agnosia (impaired sound perception & identification), auditory hallucinations, & cortical deafness (unable to hear w/o apparent damage).

32
Q

Wernicke’s Area

sub-brain area

A

Function – language

Location – temporal lobe left hemisphere

Damage –
* produces Wernicke’s/receptive aphasia (impaired spoken language, anomia, & impaired repetition)

33
Q

Arcuate Fasciculus

brain area

A

Contains – fibers connecting Broca’s & Wernicke’s area

Damage –
* produces conduction aphasia, anomia, & impaired repetition with intact comprehension

34
Q

Occipital Lobe

brain area

A

Contains – visual cortex

Damage –
* lesions in occipital-temporal junction causes prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces)
* focal onset occipital lobe seizure

35
Q

Visual Cortex

sub-brain area

A

Function – processes visual info

Location – occipital lobe

Damage –
* causes visual agnosia (impaired ability to recognize objects by sight), visual hallucinations, achromatopsia (absence of color-vision), and/or cortical blindness (inability to see without apparent damage)

EPPP (15 decks)

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