Symptoms

Question 1

Blindsight

Answer 1

Location damage – occipital lobe -> visual cortex

Symptoms –
* not consciously seeing visual stimuli, but having appropriate behavioral and physiological responses

Question 2

Prosopagnosia

Answer 2

Location damage – occipital-temporal junction

Symptoms –
* inability to recognize the faces of familiar people

Question 3

Split-Brain

Answer 3

Location damage – corpus callosum

Symptoms –
* when the left visual field is shown a spoon, the person can locate the spoon with their left hand, but cannot identify the object.
* when the right visual is shown a spoon, the person can locate the spoon with their right hand and identify the object.

Syndromes –
* the corpus callosum is severed in patients with seizures in an effort to stop/reduce seizures

Question 4

Open Injury TBI

Answer 4

Location damage – varies

Symptoms –
* a penetrative injury to the brain resulting from a TBI

Question 5

Closed Injury TBI

Answer 5

Location damage – varies

Symptoms –
* an internal injury to the brain resulting from a TBI
loss or alteration of consciousness that varies in severity
* when consciousness returns, a combination of emotional, cognitive, behavioral, & physical symptoms can occur

Question 6

Cognitive Symptoms TBI

Answer 6

Location damage – varies

Symptoms –
* associated with closed TBI injuries
* anterograde amnesia; used to determine TBI severity & good predictor of recovery from other symptoms
* retrograde amnesia; recent long-term memory more effected, when memories return, distant past memories are recovered first

Question 7

Post-Traumatic Epilepsy
(PTE)

Answer 7

Location damage – varies

Symptoms –
* occurs more than week after a TBI, more difficult to treat than PTS
* when medication is ineffective, vagus nervous stimulation, responsive neurostimulation, or surgery are explored

Syndrome –
* TBI

Question 8

Post-Traumatic Seizures
(PTS)

Answer 8

Location damage – varies

Symptoms –
* occurs within one week after a TBI
* treated with anti-seizure medication

Syndrome –
* TBI

Question 9

Ataxia

Answer 9

Location damage – cerebellum

Symptoms –
* impaired balance, coordination, lack of muscle control
* slurred speech
* blurred or double-vision, jerky eye movements

Question 10

Achromatopsia

Answer 10

Location damage – occipital lobe -> visual cortex

Symptoms –
* loss of color vision

Syndromes –
* visual agnosia

Question 11

Anomia

Answer 11

Location damage – frontal lobe -> Broca’s area + temporal lobe -> Wernicke’s area

Symptoms –
* inability to recall names of familiar objects or known words

Syndromes –
* Broca’s aphasia (expressive aphasia)
* Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive aphasia)

Question 12

Agnosia

Answer 12

Location damage – varies

Symptoms –
* inability to interpret sensations
* inability to recognize things

Question 13

Aphasia

Answer 13

Location damage – varies

Symptoms –
* inability to understand or express speech

Syndromes –
* TBI
* Broca’s area
* Wernicke’s area

Question 14

Agraphia

Answer 14

Location damage – parietal lobe left hemisphere

Symptoms –
* impaired writing skills

Syndromes –
* Gerstmann’s

Question 15

Acalculia

Answer 15

Location damage – parietal lobe left hemisphere

Symptoms –
* loss of math skills

Syndromes –
* Gerstmann’s

Question 16

Aprosodia

Answer 16

Location damage – parietal lobe left hemisphere

Symptoms –
* inability to express or understand speech

Syndromes –
* TBI
* stroke
* progressive neurologic disease

Question 17

Somatosensory Agnosia

Answer 17

Location damage – parietal lobe

Symptoms –
* tactile agnosia (inability to recognize objects by touch)
* asomatognosia (lack of interest or recognition of one or more parts of one’s own body)
* anosognosia (denial of one’s own illness/disability)

Question 18

Anosognosia

Answer 18

Location damage – parietal lobe

Symptoms –
* denial of one’s own illness/disability

Question 19

Asomatognosia

Answer 19

Location damage – parietal lobe

Symptoms –
* lack of interest or recognition of one or more parts of one’s own body

Question 20

Tactile Agnosia

Answer 20

Location damage – parietal lobe

Symptoms –
* inability to recognize objects by touch

Question 21

Contralateral Neglect

Answer 21

Location damage – parietal lobe right hemisphere

Symptoms –
* inattention to one side of the body and visual field

Question 22

Gerstmann’s Syndrome

Answer 22

Location damage – parietal lobe left hemisphere

Symptoms –
* finger agnosia (inability to recognize or identify the various fingers)
* right-left disorientation
* agraphia (impaired writing skills)
* acalculia (loss of math skills)

Question 23

Dysexecutive Syndrome

Answer 23

Location damage – dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Symptoms –
* impaired attention, working memory, judgement, & abstract thinking

Question 24

Disinhibited Syndrome

Answer 24

Location damage – orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex

Symptoms –
* distractibility
* emotion lability + inappropriate euphoria
* acquired sociopathy (risky behavior, need for persistent instant gratification, & lack of empathy & insight)

Question 25

Apathetic-Akinetic Syndrome

Answer 25

Location damage – mediofrontal **prefrontal cortex** Symptoms – * **decreased motor behaviors + verbal output** * **lack of motivation + goal-directed activity** * **apathy** + indifference

Question 26

Perseveration

Answer 26

Location damage – dorsolateral **prefrontal cortex** Symptoms – * **getting stuck on a topic** + **repeating ideas that don’t fit** the situation

Question 27

Cerebrovascular Accident CVA | stroke

Answer 27

Function – **stroke**; sudden **interruption of blood flow to the brain**; ischemic stroke & hemorrhage stroke. Location – varies Risk factors – * **heart disease, hardening arteries** * **obesity**, diabetes * heavy **alcohol** use, **cig** smoking * **old**er age, **male** sex, **African American** race * **family history** of strokes

Question 28

Ischemic Stroke

Answer 28

Function – **cerebral artery blood clot**; most common stroke type Location – varies Damage – * **thrombotic** if the clot **started in the brain artery** * **embolic** if the clot started in elsewhere & **traveled to the brain** * **transient** if **blockage is less than 5min**; **warning sign** of a severe stroke

Question 29

Hemorrhage Stroke

Answer 29

Function – **ruptured cerebral artery** Location – **middle** cerebral artery, **anterior** cerebral artery, & **posterior** cerebral artery Damage – * **intracerebral** if ruptured **within the brain** * **subarachnoid** if ruptured **between the brain & membrane**

Question 30

Posterior Cerebral Artery Hemorrhagic Stroke

Answer 30

Function – **ruptured cerebral artery** Location – supplies blood to the **temporal & occipital lobes** Symptoms – * **memory** deficits, unilateral cortical blindness, **visual impairments,** color agnosia, hemianopsia (blindness in over half the field of vision)

Question 31

Middle Cerebral Artery Hemorrhagic Stroke

Answer 31

Function – **ruptured cerebral artery** Location – supplies blood to the **frontal & lateral temporal & parietal lobes** Symptoms – * **contralateral sensory loss/weakness/paralysis in arm & face** * **contralateral neglect** * **impaired vision** * **aphasia** (inability to understand/express speech) * **apraxia** *with left hemisphere* damage (fine movement deficit)

Question 32

Anterior Cerebral Artery Hemorrhagic Stroke

Answer 32

Function – **ruptured cerebral artery** Location – supplies blood to the **frontal & parietal lobes** Symptoms – * **contralateral sensory loss/weakness/paralysis in leg** * **impaired insight + attention** * **mutism** * **confusion + apathy**