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carbohydrate metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is produced during glycolysis?

A

NADH is produced

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2
Q

which statements below about glucose is NOT true

A

it is catabolized in gluconeogenesis

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3
Q

TRUE of hexokinase

A

it requires ATP in the reaction it catalyzes

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4
Q

TRUE regarding phospho-gluco-isomerase catalysis

A

the reaction is readily REVERSIBLE

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5
Q

TRUE of PFK

A

it is activated by high concentrations of ATP

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6
Q

Which of the following occurs during the aldolase reaction

A

one six carbon molecule is split into 2 molecules of 3 carbons each

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7
Q

during the breakdown of fructose-1,6-biphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by aldolase enzyme, how does a cell overcome the energy barrier?

A

by pushing and pulling process

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8
Q

TRUE about Triosephosphate isomerase(TPI)

A

the TPI enzyme catalyze interconversions of 1,3- biphosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate in the glycolysis pathway

deficiency of this, results in the accumulation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DAP)

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9
Q

TRUE of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

A

it is the only molecule in glycolysis that gets oxidized

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10
Q

TRUE of the conversion of 1,3 biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate

A

it results in substrate level phosphorylation

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11
Q

TRUE of 2,3 biphosphoglycerate

A

it can be produced from 1,3 BPG and 3 phosphoglycerate

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12
Q

TRUE of phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)

A

it is very high energy compound

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13
Q

which of the following statements about pyruvate kinase is NOT true

A

the reaction it catalyzes is readily reversible

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14
Q

molecule that participates in the release of O2 from hemoglobin at the tissue or metabolically active cell sites

A

2,3-biphosphoglycerate

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15
Q

TRUE of pyruvate kinase

A

it must be REGULATED for gluconeogenesis to function

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16
Q

TRUE of pyruvate

A

it is made into lactate during fermentation

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17
Q

which of the ff statements about fermentation is incorrect

A

it requires acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

TRUE of fermentation: Anaerobically, SIMPLY as extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen.

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18
Q

under AEROBIC conditions, what does the pyruvate get converted into

A

acetyl-CoA

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19
Q

TRUE of the futile cycle

A

they use energy and produce no net amount of molecules

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20
Q

the higher concentrations of AMP molecules activate which enzyme?

A

PFK

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21
Q

higher concentrations of citrate activate which enzyme

A

FBPase (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate)

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22
Q

TRUE of gluconeogenesis

gluconeogenesis and glycolysis -> highly exergonic under cellular conditions

A

it bypasses three enzyme reactions of glycolysis

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23
Q

pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes which type of reaction

A

a reaction that requires biotin (B7)

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24
Q

TRUE about the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(PEPCK)

A

gluconeogenic enzyme

allows hepatic parenchymal cells to produce glucose from pyruvate derived from amino acid metabolism

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25
true to fructose 1,6-biphosphatase (F1,6BP)
it releases phosphate in reaction it catalyzes
26
TRUE of glucose-6-phosphatase
release free glucose into the bloodstream: liver, kidney, and small intestinal epithelium.
27
true of glycogen
it is a storage form of glucose in animals
28
glycogen phosphorylase does which of the following
it uses phosphate to create glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen
29
Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) does which of the | following:
catalyzes the interconversion of glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate via glucose 1,6-diphosphate (G1,6DP) intermediate IT IS A KEY ENZYME in: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis.
30
true regarding the breakdown of galactose
It occurs ultimately in glycolysis
31
Debranching enzyme does
Transfers part of a glucose branch of | glycogen and releases free glucose
32
Which of the following is true of UDP (Uridine diphosphate) glucose?
It is an activated intermediate with a high energy bond glycosyltransferase reactions
33
Which of the following statements about regulation of glycogen metabolism is incorrect?
Glycogen phosphorylase A is the | dephosphorylated form of the enzyme
34
Which of the following enzyme is not matched correctly to the reaction carried by it?
Phosphoglucomutase - galactose-1- | phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate
35
Branching enzyme in glycogen synthesis | helps in the formation of what linkage
Alpha 1,6 linkage
36
Which of the following hormones | participates in the glycogen breakdown
Glucagon
37
Which of the following signaling molecules inside the cell promote the glycogen breakdown
cAMP
38
Which of the following enzyme plays a key role in the reversal of the effect of phosphorylation cascade during glycogen metabolism
Protein phosphatase 1
39
The epinephrine - triggered cAMP cascade leads to the deactivation of which of the following
Glycogen synthase
40
Which statement below about the | metabolism of fructose is not true?
It is inhibited by excess glucose
41
Which of the following is true of | phosphodiesterase?
It does not cut cAMP in the presence of | caffeine
42
Which of the following statements about | insulin is not true?
It stimulates release of glucose from cells
43
Which statement regarding the pentose | phosphate pathway is true?
It generates intermediates for other | pathways
44
Which statement regarding the 10 molecules in the pentose phosphate pathway is true?
They all are sugars or sugar derivatives
45
Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase can result in which of the following?
Anemia
46
Which statement regarding the reaction catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is true?
It is the rate-limiting step of the pentose | pathway (PPP)
47
Which statement regarding the reaction catalyzed by 6 - phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is true?
It is the only decarboxylation of the | pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)
48
Which statement regarding ribose-5- | phosphate isomerase is true?
It catalyzes the formation of ribose-5- | phosphate
49
Which of the following enzymes participate in fructose metabolism before glycolysis? (Chose all that apply)
D. Fructokinase | E. Fructoaldolase
50
Which statement regarding transketolase | is true?
It requires thiamine pyrophosphate to | function
51
Which statement regarding transaldolase | is true?
It mostly catalyzes the transfer of 1-carbon | units
52
Which condition results when | transaldolase enzyme is deficient
Liver cirrhosis
53
Which compounds are the connectivity | points for glycolysis or gluconeogenesis?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) | Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P)
54
Which of the following amino acids is not synthesized from alpha-ketoglutarate of the citric acid cycle?
Tyrosine
55
Which of the following statements is not | true regarding the citric acid cycle?
The citric acid cycle enables the yeast or a bacterial cell to get metabolic energy from acetyl CoA in the absence of oxygen
56
Which of the following statement is not | true regarding the pyruvate dehydrogenase ?
The pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme converts the acetaldehyde to ethanol in the yeast cell in the absence of oxygen
57
Which of the following is not correctly | matched?
Malate : gluconeogenesis
58
How many oxidation reactions take place | in the citric acid cycle?
Four
59
Which of the following enzymes are unique | to the glyoxylate cycle?
D. Malate synthase | E. Isocitrate lyase
60
Which of the following statements is not | correct regarding the glyoxylate cycle
The glycoxylate cycle is exclusive to the muscle cells as it helps in the synthesis of glucose from the acetyl CoA during contraction process
61
Which of the following molecule acts as a branch point between the synthesis of ketone bodies and cholesterol in animal bodies
Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA
62
Which of the following enzyme is not a part | of ketone body metabolism?
FBPase
63
Which of the following is correct regarding the energy output per cycle of the citric acid cycle?
3 NADH2, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP
64
Which of the following enzyme of citric acid is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Succinate dehydrogenase
65
Which of the following enzyme participates | in both the TCA cycle and ETC?
Succinate dehydrogenase
66
Which of the following molecules is central to most of the biological reactions in the cell during metabolism?
Acetyl CoA
67
The reaction that helps maintain normal acid-base balance is:
glutaminase
68
GABA is an inhibitory NT because it causes:
influx of chloride ions
69
Which AA test dose administration is used to diagnose folate deficiency (B9)?
histidine
70
Which AA test dose administration is used to diagnose pyridoxal phosphate deficiency (B6)?
tryptophan
71
TRUE about thyroglobulin
it contains 115 tyrosine residues
72
TRUE of the concentration of IODIDE
it is an energy dependent process and is linked to the ATPase dependent Na-K pump
73
Intracellular calcium is mobilized in the cytoplasm by this PIP2-derived 2nd msgr
inositol triphosphate
74
TRUE about mineralocorticoids
synthesis of mineralocorticoids depends on the presence of enzyme 18-hydroxylase (18-hydroxycorticosterone)
75
TRUE of glycemic index
foods with a low glycemic index cause less fluctuations in insulin secretion
76
This water-soluble vitamin requires a specific transport protein:
cobalamin (B12) gastric intrinsic factor (IF) cubilin receptor transcobalamin II (transporter) TC II-R (receptor)
77
form of vitamin A that involves regulation of gene expression
retinoic acid
78
main storage of vitamin D is
25-hydroxycholecalciferol
79
This vitamin participates in the transfer of 1-carbon methyl units:
folic acid (B9)
80
These peptides arise from the PRO-OPIO-MELANO-CORTIN gene
melanocyte-stimulating hormone corticotropin-like intermediate lope peptide adrenocorticotrophic hormone
81
List of glycoproteins to remember
TSH FSH HCG Prolactin is not a glycoprotein, its a polypeptide. Single-chain and secreted by lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary.
82
MOST utilized pathway for testosterone synthesis in human testes
DHEA pathway (de-hydro-epi-androsterone)
83
Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone in the mitochondria of the testes is promoted by:
Luteinizing hormone
84
The glycemic index is a measure of:
digestibility
85
The phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis involves:
an enzyme inhibited allosterically by the product
86
Coenzyme of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
biotin, coenzyme A, lipoic acid NOT pyridoxine
87
This enzyme of the krebs cycle catalyzes a substrate level phosphorylation reaction:
succinate thiokinase
88
Reactions that synthesizes purine nucleotides
synthesis forms amphibolic intermediates phosphoribosylation of nucleobases phosphorylation of purine nucleosides

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