protein metabolism 1

Question 1

What are the 3 common metabolites/ metabolic fuels?

Answer 1

⮞ glucose
⮞ FAs
⮞ ketone bodies

Question 2

what is the final product of protein metabolism?

Answer 2

urea

Question 3

gimme the proteins with the short half life

Answer 3

PEST- proline, glutamate, serine, threonine

Question 4

gimme the proteins with the long half lives over 100 hours

Answer 4

LAC- lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, cytochromes

Question 5

what is the rate limiting enzyme for Glycolysis, that has a fast degradation

Answer 5

Phosphofuctokinanse 1 (PFK1)

Question 6

what is the rate limiting enzyme for Krebs cycle, that has a fast degradation

Answer 6

citrate synthase

Question 7

what is the rate limiting enzyme for HMP shunt, that has a fast degradation

Answer 7

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 8

what are the proteins that are SELECTIVELY lost from tissues that atrophy in response to fasting

Answer 8

PENTAPEPTIDE:
K - Lysine (saan mahahanap lysine: pork, fish,eggs, CHEESE -> KESO)
F -Phenylalanine (Frenylalanine) for me natatandaan ko siya ng ganyan. 😅
E - glutamate/glutamic acid (Excitatory NT)
R - Arginine (Rginine)
Q - Glutamine (Qtie Amine)

Question 9

what are tissues that do not fast, that are unaffected

Answer 9

brain and testis (yung dalawang ulo)

Question 10

this small protein tags/marks proteins for destruction

Answer 10

Ubiquitin, ATP-requiring

Question 11

what are the 4 N-terminal amino acids, that binds to ubiquitin and will be degraded

Answer 11

⮞ Serine- for delayed one or non
⮞ Aspartic acid
⮞ Arginine- for the rapid one
⮞ Methionine

[Si SAAM]

Question 12

what are FAGs used for in the body

Answer 12

Fibrinogen. Albumin, Globulin. used to synthesize proteins in the body

Question 13

essential non-protein nitrogenous substances, are?

Answer 13

1)Purines. 2)Porphyrin requires Glycine. 3)Folic Acid requires glutamic Acid. 4)Creatine{GRM}. 5)Glutathione{GCE}

Question 14

the liver is the central organ for metabolism of amino acids with the exemption of

Answer 14

Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine (they do be synthesized in the brain and muscles)

Question 15

essential amino acids

Answer 15

PVT TIM HALL (with arginine as a semi chenabells)

Question 16

maize has zein that lacks

Answer 16

lacks tryptophan

Question 17

3 enzymes that occupy central positions in the synthesis of Non-essential Amino Acids

Answer 17

⮞ Glutamate dehydrogenase (EDH)
⮞ Glutamine synthetase (QDH)
⮞ Aminotransferase

Question 18

type of amino acid catabolism that removes an R-group

Answer 18

one carbon transfer

Question 19

type of amino acid catabolism that removes a carboxyl group, and release as CO2

Answer 19

Decarboxylation

Question 20

type of amino acid catabolism that adds O2

Answer 20

Oxygenation

Question 21

serotonin or 5-Hydroxytryptamine is derived from

Answer 21

tryptophan

Question 22

Histamine is derived from

Answer 22

histidine

Question 23

Catecholamine are derived from

Answer 23

Fenylalanine and tyrosine

Question 24

In oxidative deamination, this enzyme converts glutamic acids 🡆 apha-ketoglutarate

Answer 24

glutamate dehydrogenase

Question 25

what is the most active amino group acceptor

Answer 25

Alpha-ketoglutarate

Question 26

what is the most active amino acid?

Answer 26

glutamic acid

Question 27

what is the most active enzyme?

Answer 27

glutamate dehydrogenase

Question 28

what are the 3 most important keto acids in the body?

Answer 28

⮞ Alpha-ketoglutarate(from glutamate) ⮞ Oxaloacetate(from aspartic acid) ⮞ Pyruvate(from alanine)

Question 29

abnormal neural development with generalized aminoaciduria due to deficient L-amino acid oxidase in the body

Answer 29

Zellwegger or cerebrohepatorenal syndrome(CHRS)

Question 30

What are the only D-amino acids found in humans?

Answer 30

⮞ D-aspartate | ⮞ D-serine

Question 31

2 enzymes involved in non-oxidative deamination

Answer 31

⮞ amino acid deHydrase | ⮞ amino acid diSulfydrase

Question 32

deaminates sulfur containing amino acids, with Vit B6 as co-factor

Answer 32

⮞ amino acid disulfhydrase | Cysteine, Homocysteine

Question 33

deaminates amino acids with hydroxyl groups, with Vit B6 as co-factor

Answer 33

⮞ amino acid dehydrase | serine, threonine, tyrosine

Question 34

all amino acids undergo transamination except

Answer 34

(LPTH) lysine, proline, threonine, hydroxyproline

Question 35

what is the difference with transamination and oxidative and non-oxidative deamination?

Answer 35

Transamination 🡲 no release of ammonia | Non-oxidative/Oxidative Deamination 🡲 may release of ammonia

Question 36

4 ways of detoxifying ammonia

Answer 36

``` (UGA and reversal EDH) 🡆 urea formation 🡆 asparagine formation 🡆 glutamine formation 🡆 reversal of the glutamate DH reaction ```

Question 37

this is a major nitrogenous excretory product, that is almost exclusively synthesized in the liver

Answer 37

Urea ( normal concentration 30-60um)

Question 38

how many ATPs are produced in the urea cycle?

Answer 38

none, gumagamit kalang, 2 moles of ATP in 1st, and 3rd reaction. in total of 4 per cycle

Question 39

Rate limiting steps in the urea cycle

Answer 39

step 1- CPS1 step 2- Ornithine Transcarbomylase step 5- Arginase [hirap nung mga tanong, COTA na]

Question 40

Process that is the major source of ATP

Answer 40

oxidation phosphorylation

Question 41

Lysosomal selective pathway is only activated only

Answer 41

AFTER a prolonged fast

Question 42

Incomplete protein found in rice?

Answer 42

Oryzenin

Question 43

Decarboxylation leads to the formation of

Answer 43

biologic amines

Question 44

Serotonin/5-Hydroxytryptamine causes

Answer 44

smooth muscle contraction

Question 45

3 most important Keto-Acids in the body?

Answer 45

⮞ Pyruvate 🡰 Alanine (A) ⮞ Alpha-Ketoglutarate 🡰 Glutamic Acid (E) ⮞ Oxaloacetate 🡰 Aspartic Acid (D)

Question 46

aminotransferases requires the participation of aldehyde-containing coenzyme which is?

Answer 46

(PL5P) Pyridoxal-5-phosphate from B6

Question 47

Regulation of the Urea Cycle by the following

Answer 47

1. Substrate availability 2. Allosteric activation of CPS I by N-AGA 3. Induction/Repression ng synthesis of enzymes ng urea cycle

Question 48

CPS II is utilized for?

Answer 48

Pyrimidine synthesis

Question 49

Ammonia 🡆 removed from blood 🡆 urea 🡆 from ____

Answer 49

Liver

Question 50

HHH syndrome caused by a mutation in the Ornithine Transporter Gene. What is the 3 H's?

Answer 50

⮞ HYPERammonemia ⮞ HYPERornithenemia ⮞ HOMOcitrullinuria

Question 51

how many NH3 are detoxified per turn of the Urea cycle?

Answer 51

2 ammonia | from the 1st and 3rd reaction

Question 52

What will happen to the krebs cycle if it runs out of alpha-ketoglutarate?

Answer 52

it STOPS 🡆 no ATP formation in brain 🡆 coma usually from severe liver diseases (hepa B)