CLINICAL LABORATORY Supplies (INSTRUMENTTAION AND AUTOMATION)) Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
what are the types of glassware
A
- High Thermal Resistant Glass (borosilicate)
- High Silica Glass (COREX)
- High Alkali-Resistant Glass (boron free-soft glass)
- Low Actinic Glass
- Standard Flint Glass or Soda
Lime Glass
2
Q
Most common Resistant Borosilicate
A
–Beakers–Flasks–Pipettes
3
Q
Usual brand that may encounter in high thermal resistant glass is
A
Kimax and Pyrex
4
Q
This has high resistance to thermal shock and chemical attack
A
High Thermal Resistant Glass
5
Q
*They also have heavy walls to minimize breakage and is
used for making most of beakers, flask and pipette
A
High Thermal Resistant Glass
6
Q
*Can be heated and autoclave
A
High Thermal Resistant Glass
7
Q
this type of glassware does not contain heavy metals, arsenic, and antinomy
A
borosilicate glass
8
Q
Made by removing all elements from borosilicate glass
but 6 times stronger than borosilicate glass
A
High Silica Glass (COREX)–Made by rem
9
Q
Has good optical qualities, temperature capabilities and
is radiation-resistant
A
High Silica Glass (COREX)
10
Q
Used for high precision analytical work and for optical reflectors and mirrors
A
High Silica Glass (COREX)
11
Q
Not used for the type of glassware generally used in the
laboratory
A
High Silica Glass (COREX)
12
Q
Partially used for strong alkaline solutions
A
High Alkali-Resistant Glass
13
Q
–Often referred to as “soft glass” as its thermal
resistance is much less than of borosilicate glass
A
High Alkali-Resistant Glass
14
Q
used primarily whenever digestion with strong alkali is made
A
High Alkali-Resistant Glass/ boron free/ soft glass
15
Q
they are poor in heat resistance therefore it is
not autoclavable
A
High Alkali-Resistant Glass
16
Q
Has materials that usually impart red color to the glass that reduce the amount of light passing through substance inside the glassware
A
Low Actinic Glass
17
Q
Provides protection to reagents highly sensitive
to light ranging from 3,000 –5,000 Angstrom(A)
A
Low Actinic Glass
18
Q
Used for substances that are particularly
sensitive to light such as bilirubin or Vitamin A
A
Low Actinic Glass
19
Q
Used for the manufacture of
weighing bottles because it
develops less static surface
changes
A
Standard Flint Glass or Soda
Lime Glass
20
Q
Composed of a mixture of the sodium
oxides, Calcium and silicon
A
Standard Flint Glass or Soda
Lime Glass
21
Q
list the special glasses
A
*1. Colored and Opal Glasses
*2. Coated Glasses
*3. Optical Glasses
*4. Glass Ceramics (Pyroceram)
*5. Radiation –Absorbing Glasses
22
Q
a special glass Used in light fitters, lamp bulbs and lightning lenses
A
Colored and Opal Glasses
23
Q
a special glass that Have thin metallic oxide permanently fine bonded to the surface
of the glass
A
Coated Glass
24
Q
a special glass that –Have electronic applications as heat shield to protect against
infrared light
A
. Coated Glasses
25
a special glass that is –Mostly soda –lime, lead and borosilicate of high optical purity–Used in making prisms, lenses and optical
Optical Glass
26
a special glass that –Have high thermal resistance, chemical stability and corrosion
resistance like borosilicate glasses–Useful in hot plates, table tops and heat exchanges
Glass Ceramics (Pyroceram)
27
a special glass that is –Made of soda-lime and lead–Useful in preventing transmission of huge energy radiation as gamma
rays and X-rays
Radiation –Absorbing Glass
28
Beginning to replace glassware in the laboratory setting
Plastic wares
29
Its unique high resistance to corrosion and breakage as
well as its varying flexibility, had made it most appealing
Plastic wares
30
Its relatively expensive, allowing for most items to be
completely disposable after each use
Plastic wares
31
a plastic ware
Unique group of resins with relatively inert properties
Polyolefins
32
a plastic ware that is Unaffected by acids, alkalis, salt solutions and aqueous solutions
Polyolefins
33
a plastic ware that can be autoclaved
Polyolefins
34
2 types of Polyolefins
Polypropylene and Polyethylene
35
a type of polyolefins that is More vulnerable to attack by oxidizing agents
Polypropylene
36
a type of polyolefins that can withstand higher temperatures
Polypropylene
37
–Both polypropylene and polyethylene are used primarily to _____
are used primarily to fabricate bottles, beakers,
jars jugs, funnels pipette jars, pipette baskets, tanks, burette
covers, check valves, disconnect valves, twistcock connectors,
needle valves, hollow stoppers, dropping pipettes, hydrometer
jars, stirring rods, tubings and reagent dispensers
38
a special glass that is Twice as strong as polypropylene and may be used at temperatures ranging
100C to 160C
Polycarbonate resin
39
a special glass we can use at temp ranging 100* to 160* celcius
Polycarbonate resin
40
a special glass that is Unsuitable for use with bases such as amines, ammonia, alkalis, and
oxidizing agents
Polycarbonate resin
41
a special glass that can be Dissolved by chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon
Polycarbonate resin
42
a special glass that is –Insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbon, some alcohols and dilute aqueous
solutions and Salts
Polycarbonate resin
43
a special glass that is Used extensively in centrifuge tubes and graduated cylinder
Polycarbonate resin
44
a special glass that is Non-toxic, clear plastic of modified plasticized polyvinyl chloride
Tygon
45
a special glass that is Can be used to handle most chemicals but should not be
subjected to prolonged immersion in aliphatic or aromatic
hydrocarbons, ketones and esters
tygon
46
a special glass that is –Flexible at 30C, brittle at 45C and resists dry heat to 95C
Tygon
47
a special glass that can be steamed, autoclaved, and resists dry heat to 95*C
tygon
48
a special glass that is can be Used for the manufacture of tubing (i.e, tubing used in
Automated Analyzers)
tygon
49
a special glass that is Pure translucent white and inert to corrosive reagents boiling
aguaregia, nitric and sulphuricacids, boiling hydrocarbons,
ketones, esters and alcohols
Teflon-Fluorocarbon Resin
50
a special glass that Can resist extreme temperatures ranging from 270C to 255C, used
in cryogenic experiments or work temperatures over extended
periods
Teflon-Fluorocarbon Resin
51
a special glass Used for self-lubricating stopcocks, stirring bars, bottle cap liners
and tubing because of its anti-adhesive properties
Teflon-Fluorocarbon Resin
52
3 characteristics/category of laboratory pippette
1. design
2. draining characteristics
3. type
53
what is under the I. Design
- to contain and to delivr
54
what is under the II. Draining characteristics
blow out and self-draining
55
what s under the type category
measuring or graduated and transfer
56
what are the 2 drainage characteristic of a pipette
blow out and self draining
57
what is under the measuring or graduated pipettes
1. Serologic–
2. Mohr–
3. Bacteriologic–
4. Ball, Kolmer, and Kahn–
5. Micropipette
58
what is under the transfer pipette
–1.Volumetric–
2.Ostwald-Folin–
3.Pastuer pipets–
4.Automatic macropipets or micropipets
59
Holds a particular volume but does not dispense that exact volume
TC (To Contain) Pipette
60
a type o pipette according to calibration
–Calibrated by introducing the exact weight of
mercury required to give the desired volume
at specific temperature
to contain pipette
61
Mercury does not wet glass and pipette
calibrated this way will contain but not
deliver the started volume
TC (To Contain) Pipette
62
Types of Pipette According to Calibration
Dispense the indicated volume
TD (To Deliver) Pipet
63
Types of Pipette According to Calibration
Calibrated by weighing the volume of
water that will flow from them by gravity
TD (To Deliver) Pipette
64
Types of Pipette According to Calibration
Rate of delivery must never be hastened by
blowing
. TD (To Deliver) Pipette
65
Types of Pipette According to Calibration
designed to meet the requirements of CLASS A type pipettes
to deliver pipette
66
Types of Pipette According to Calibration
also known as the rinse out pipette
to contain pipette
67
Types of Pipette According to Calibration
DOEST NOT meet the requirements of CLASS A type pipettes
to contain pipette
68
Types of Pipette Based on Dispensing
–Same as TD pipette but drops remaining at
the tip after delivery is blown out to
receiving vessel
to blow-out pipette
69
Types of Pipette Based on Dispensing
An etched ring is seen near or top of the
mouthpiece of the pipette and exact volume is obtained when the last drop is blown out
“To Blow-Out” Pipette
70
Types of Pipette Based on Dispensing
The user allows the contents of the pipette
to drain by gravity
Self Draining pipette
71
why do blow out pipettes are not considered rinsed out kahit pa binoblow out?
di na rinse out pipette kasi di na need i rinse/blow kasi nga niboblow na talaga siya
unlike sa *to contain pipette* classified as rinse out siya kasi need pa siya i blow or rinse to remove the excess inside
72
example of blow out pipette
serologic and ostwald folin
73
Types of Pipette Based on Dispensing
74
Types of Pipette Based on Dispensing
this does not have an etch
self draining pipette
75
Types of Pipette According to Use
Has the greatest degree of accuracy and
precision
Volumetric / transfer Pipette
76
Types of Pipette According to Use
–Designed to dispense one volume w/o
further subdivisions
Volumetric / transfer Pipette
77
Types of Pipette According to Use
Calibrated to deliver a fixed volume of liquid
Has a bulb between mouthpiece and tip that
decreases surface area/unit volume and
diminished error from water film
Volumetric / transfer Pipette
78
Types of Pipette According to Use
–Self-draining
Volumetric / transfer Pipette
79
Types of Pipette According to Use
Used in measuring VISCOUS FLUID–Measures smaller volume
–Has a bulb near the tip
Ostwald-Folin Pipette
80
Types of Pipette According to Us
–Etch mark, ring near mouthpiece
–Used with biologic fluids thicker than that
of water
–Blow-out pipette
Ostwald-Folin Pipette
need i blow malapot eh baka may matira
81
Types of Pipette Based on type or use
transfers fluid without the consideration of a specific volume
pasteur
82
Types of Pipette According to Use
Used to deliver an amount of liquid
contained between two calibration on
marks
Graduated/measuring Pipette
83
Two types of Graduated Pipettes:
Serologic Pipette
Mohr Pipette
84
a type of graduated pipette that is
- The rate of fall of liquid is much too fast
- Has an etched band on the suction
Serologic Pipette
85
Two types of Graduated Pipettes:
- Has calibration marks to the tip
– Blow-out pipette
*Serologic Pipette
86
Two types of Graduated Pipettes:
–o Calibration lies between two marks
–o No graduations to the top
–o Self-draining pipette
mohr pipette
87
a type of graduated pipette
“ To contain” pipette which is calibrated with mercury
Micropipettes
88
types of Graduated Pipettes:
–No calibration
–For biologic fluid without specific volume
Pasteur Pipette
89
* Is the most routinely used pipette
. Automatic Pipette (Macro ->1ml; Micro -<1ml)
90
advantages of using automatic pipette
–o Time savings
–o Safety
–o Stability
–o Ease of use
–o Increase in precision
–o Lack of required cleaning
91
types of automatic pipette
–o Air displacement
–o Positive Displacement
–o dispenser/Dilutor
92
this automatic pipette's piston does not come in contact with the liquid
air displacement pipette
93
this automatic pipette wherein the piston operates and moves in the pipette tip or barrel, much like a hypodermic syringe
positive displacement pipette
94
this automatic pipette relies on piston for suction creation to draw the sample into a disposable tip
air displacement pipette
95
this automatic pipette does not require different tip each use, it utilizes teflon tipped plunger that fits tightly inside the capillary which is either siliconized glass or plastic
positive displacement pipette
96
this automatic pipette obtains liquid from a common reservoir and dispenses repeatedly
dispenser/dilutor pipette
97
this automatic pipette combines dispensing and sampling functions
dispenser/dilutor pipette
98
–Should be made of glass that is
resistant to many chemicals used
and resistant to heat
–Used for general mixing and
reagent preparation
–Wide, straight-sided cylindrical
vessels and are available in many
sizes in several forms
beakers
99
calibrating medium for TD pipettes and TC pipettes
To deliver - distilled water
To contain - Mercury
100
verify the accuracy and precision of pipette volumes
gravimetric and spectrometric
101
what type of pipette is always checked for accuracy and precision before being used
micropipettes
102
–Used to measure volumes of liquids when
high degree of accuracy is not
essential
GRADUATED MEASURING CYLINDERS
103
–Pear-shaped flasks
–Have one calibration mark on narrow part
of the neck
VOLUMETRIC FLASKS
104
–Used to contain a specific amount of
volume of liquid
VOLUMETRIC FLASKS
105
a cleaning solution for glasswares
acid dichromate
106
when using mechanical pipettes, forward mode is the routine and standard technique of pipetting,
then when do we use the reverse technique
when using air displacement pipette specially if the solution is slightly viscous
107
refers to the amount of air from the lower part of the pipette piston and the surface level of the sample
air cushion
108
a measuring equipment that has the Precision is up to 1/1000 of a gram
Analytical Balance
109
classes of Balance
1. Number of Pans (Single or Double),
2. Mechanical or Electronic–
3. Operating Ran
110
measuring equipment that has a Precision is up to 0.1 gram
Rough / Platfrom Balance
111
example of Rough / Platfrom balance
Torsion Balance –for weighing chemicals
112
–3 beams are present in
the balance
*Triple beam balance
113
types of centrifuge
–Fixed-angle head
–Swinging-bucket type
–Ultracentrifuge
–Tachometer
–Strobe light
114
chemical or reagent
–Is a substance that occurs naturally or is obtained through
a chemical process
chemical
115
chemical or reagent
–It is used to produce a chemical effect or reaction
chemical
116
CHEMICALS orREAGENTS
–Produced in various purities or grades
chemicals
117
–Defined as any substances employed to produce a
chemical reaction
reagent
118
–When QUANTITATIVE determinations are to be performed
and accurate standard solutions prepared, it is necessary
to use ____
pure chemicals
119
What are the 5 grade chemicals
Reagent Grade / Analytic Reagent (AR) Grade
Chemically Pure (CP) Grade
United States Pharmacopia(USP) and National Formulary (NF) Grade
120
These chemicals are of a high degree of purity and
are used often in the preparation of reagents in the
clinical laboratory for many reagent grade or AR
chemicals,
reagent grade, or analytic reagent
121
those that meet their standards are
designed by the letter ACS (American Chemical
Society)
Reagent Grade / Analytic Reagent (AR) Grade
122
–These chemicals are sufficiently pure to be used in many analyses
in the clinical laboratory However, the designation does not reveal
the limits of impuritiesthat are tolerated and so, they may not be
acceptable for research and various clinical laboratory technique
unless they have been specifically analyzed for the desired
procedure.
Chemically Pure (CP) Grade
123
It may be necessary to use this grade when higher purity
biochemically are not available
Chemically Pure (CP) Grade
124
–These reagents meet the specifications stated in USP
and NF
United States Pharmacopia(USP) and National
Formulary (NF) Grade
125
They are generally less pure than CP grade, as the
tolerance is specified such as they are not injurious to
health rather than chemically pure
. United States Pharmacopia(USP) and National
Formulary (NF) Grade
126
–These chemicals may be used as starting
materials from synthesis of other chemicals of
greater purity but generally should not be used
in clinical chemistry.
Purified, Practical of Pure Grade
127
These type of reagent have been put through
additional purification steps ULTRAPURE
Purified, Practical of Pure Grade
128
–These chemicals are used only for industrial
purposesand are generally not used in the
preparation of reagents for the clinical laboratory
Technical / Commercial Grade
129
The highest grade or purest chemicals are available from
the .–
National Bureau of Standards
130
These agencies or bureaus all supply certified clinical
laboratory standards
National Bureau of Standard (NBS)
College of American Pathologists (CAP)
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS)
131
Highly purified chemicals which may be weighed out directly in the
preparation of solutions of selected known concentration
Primary Standard
132
A prepared solution whose concentrations is determined by an
analysis of an aliquot amount of the solution using primary
standard and acceptable reference method
Secondary Standard
133
–Chemicals used in clinical chemistry analysis that are available in
RELIABLE PREPERATIONS
Reference Standard
134
–A reference sample is also referred to as “__”
control material
135
It is actually a sample in which the chemical composition and the
physical characteristics stimulate the specimen being analyzed
Reference Standard
136
reference standard can be a ___ or a _
serum or a reference pool
137
reference standard
–It may be __ in which the values are
identified.
unassayed and assayed
138
–These samples are useful for proficiency testing, inter
laboratory surveys and in the calibration of reference
materials (commercial) kits and reagent sets
reagent standard
139
3 classes of standard
Calibration Reference Material
Control Materials with Assigned Values
Control Materials without Assigned Values
140
a class of reference standard
A reference material in which the confidence of the assigned value shall be such that the overall uncertainty interval does not exceed 8% of the 95% normal range of constituent
Calibration Reference Material
141
a class of reference standard
–These are used as controls
–The confidence limit is such that overall uncertainty does not exceed 20% of the
95% normal range
Control Materials with Assigned Values
142
a class of reference standard
This sample is similar the unknown and it should be included in every set of
determination
Control Materials without Assigned Values
143
Types of Water
1. Distilled water
2. Deionized water
3. Reverse osmosis water
4. Ultrafiltration
5. Reagent grade water
144
a water from distillation process
Distilled water
145
a water from ion-exchange process
Deionized water
146
–uses pressure to force water to move
through a semipermeable membrane
Reverse osmosis water
147
type of water for UV light, sterilization, ozone treatment
Ultrafiltration
148
a water approved by the CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standards
Institute)
Reagent grade water
149
types or example of Reagent grade water
–A. Clinical Laboratory Reagent Water
–B. Special R.W.
–C. Instrument Feed Water
–D. Water supplied by the Method Manufacturer
–E. Autoclave and Wash Water
–F. Commercially bottled purified water
150
what are the water parameters
–Microbiological content
–pH
–Resistivity
–Silicate
–Particulate matter
–Organics
151
Water Purity Categories
type I, II, III
152
type of water purity that is used for the test methods which requires
MINIMUM INTERFERENCES (e.g. Trace metal, iron and
enzyme analyses)
Type I
153
Type of water purity that is acceptable for most analytic requirements
(e.g. Reagent, Q.C, standards preparation)
Type II
154
type of water purity that is associated to
autoclave, wash water
Type III
155
water filtration examples
*Glass
*Cotton
*Activate charcoal
*Submicron filters
156
Chemical agents that prevent the coagulation or clotting of blood
are ____.
anticoagulants
157
–Prevents the formation of a white precipitate in uric
acid determination
lithium oxalate
158
is oxalate or grey top tube can be used for blood urea nitrogen test and other electrolyte test?
NOPE
159
why is oxalate not applicable for test with electrolyte
Na and K oxalate –3 mg or more /ml of blood
alters the electrolyte distribution in blood and
interferes with precipitation of protein (Folin-Wu);
gives too low sugar values and may cause shrinkage
of cells
160
an oxalate for hematologic purposes
Double oxalate
161
–The ammonium oxalate tends to __
up the RBC while potassium oxalate
acts in reverse
swell;
162
used as blood preservative for blood
glucose determination and at the same time act as a
weak anticoagulant.
Fluoride
163
anticoagulant that inhibits the enzyme involved in glycolysis
Fluoride
164
It is commonly used with oxalate whenever blood
must be preserved for later analysis and blood with
Na Fluoride is preserved for 24 hours at room
temperature
fluoride
165
fluoride should not be used in what test?
Should not be used for collecting specimens for enzyme
determination or when using enzyme in a test such as urease
166
it Acts on Ca to form insoluble calcium fluoride
flouride
167
an
efficient anticoagulant
for blood transfusion
since it is non-toxic and
the salt is rapidly
utilized and excreted
citrate
168
what are the elements included on a citrate
Na and K, ACD (Acid
Citrate Dextrose)
169
acts
as chelating agent which combines
with Ca which is essential for clotting
mechanism
edta
170
an edta that has solute to about 10%.
It should be neutralized to pH 7.4
before use by the addition of NaOH
disodium salt
171
–Naturally occurring substance found in the liver and lungs
and it is extremely effective in preventing the coagulation
of blood
heparin
172
an anticoagulant Preventing the production of plasma thromboplastin
heparin
173
heparin is Not an anticoagulant when acting alone. It acts in
____ fraction of plasma
conjunction with certain albumin
174
–Expensive and the dry powder is not readily soluble in
blood
heparin
175
non certified thermometers are can be calibrated by using
NIST SRM 934
NIST SRM 1968 gallium melting point cell
176
temperature monitoring devices should be verifed for accuracy at
6-12 months intervals
177
type of thermometer for freezers and refrigerators
total immersion
178
type of thermometer for water baths and heating blocks
partial immersion
179
advantages of automation
increases the number of tests to be performed in a given period
minimizes variation of result from one laboratorian to another
eliminates the potential error in manual analyses such as pipetting, calculation, and transcription of results
180
steps in automated analysis
specimen preparation and identification
specimen measurement and delivery
reagent system and delivery
chemical reaction phase (samples and reagents are mixed together)
separation and incubation
measurement phase
signal processing and data handling
LIS support
181
3 types of automation
continuous flow analyzer
centrifugal analyzer
discrete analyzer
182
a type of automation where liquids are pumped through a system of continuous tubing
continuous flow analyzer
183
a type of automation in which it uses force generated by centrifugation to transfer specimen and reagents
centrifugal analyzer
184
also known as a run based system which means it cannot be interrupted once the batch testing/measurement has started
centrifugal analyzer
185
a type of automation where air bubbles at regular intervals serve as separating and cleaning meida
continuous flow analyzer
186
a type of automation where analysis of samples is through sequential tetsing in a single or multiple parallel channel configuration
continuous flow analyzer
187
a type of automation in which acceleration and deceleration is used to transfer reagents and samples from chamber to another
centrifugal analyzer
188
the most popular and versatile analyzer - measures only the test requested on a sample
discrete analyzer
189
sources of errors in automation
carry over contamination
sample evaporation
presence of clot
inadequate sample
reusable probes
190
