CARDIOLOGY 7

Question 1

the purkinje cells, AV node, and SA node all have automatic rates of depolarisation. which one is the fastest?

Answer 1

SA node
[therefore the other rates dont rlly matter since they r going with the rate of SA node]

Question 2

which heart structure generates electrical activity?
where is there a slight delay? what does this allow?

Answer 2

SA node
slight delay: AV node, allows atria to fully empty

Question 3

what is the main lead that we look at in an ECG?

Answer 3

lead 2

Question 4

what structure stimulates the ventricular myocardium to contract? [electrically]

Answer 4

purkinje fibers

Question 5

what is sinus beat?

Answer 5

normal beat on an ECG

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

in an ECG, which wave can be negative in a physiologically normal animals?

Answer 7

T wave

Question 8

UK: what are the 4 ECG lead colors and limb placement location?

Answer 8

red: RF
yellow: LF
green: LH
black: RH

Question 9

how can you calculate heart rate on ECG?

Answer 9

could number of QRS complexes, in 10/15 seconds, multiply

Question 10

what is AV dissociation?

Answer 10

when the P waves and QRS complexes are not necesasrily related
[in this example, the P waves end up dissapearing later, but QRS complezes continue

Question 11

maybe dont do this one as much…

Answer 11

Question 12

what can cause a tall and narrow QRS?

Answer 12

Supraventricular premature complex

Question 13

what is it called when u have 4 (+) supraventricular premature beats in a row?

Answer 13

supraventricular tachycardia

Question 14

what is the annulus?

Answer 14

separation btwn atrium and ventricles

Question 15

_____________results from multiple
re-entrant circuits above the annulus

Answer 15

atrial fibrillation

Question 16

atrial fibrillation results in no __________________ on ECG

Answer 16

no P-waves

Question 17

Ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) start off _____________ the annulus [above/below]

Answer 17

below

Question 18

R-on-T [going immediately from one to another without flat baseline in between] is a risk factor for which type of arrythmia?

Answer 18

ventricular fibrilation

Question 19

what is the term for a fast ryhtym that is not fast enough to be ventricular tachycardia?

Answer 19

Accelerated idioventricular rhythm

Question 20

the measure of AV function is which interval on an ECG?

Answer 20

P to Q

Question 21

describe first degree AV block

Answer 21

P to Q interval is long
but AV still conducts

Question 22

describe second degree AV block
-between mobitz type 1 and type 2, which is normal? which is pathology?

Answer 22

some P waves cause QRS, some dont
-type 1 normal in horses, sleeping brachys, high vagal tone animals etc

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

describe third degree AV block

Answer 24

no P waves
instead beat comes from below the annulus

Question 25

what is the difference in P waves between sinus arrest and atrial standstill?

Answer 25

sinus arrest: some gaps in P waves atrial standstill: no P waves

Question 26

atrial standstill is often caused due to which electrolyte imabalance? -describe what atrial standstill looks like on ECG?

Answer 26

hyperkalaemia -tall spiky T wave

Question 27

Electrical alternans is s sinus rythym with ___________

Answer 27

w variation in the height of the R waves

Question 28

IS SINUS RYTHYM JUST WHEN THERE IS ALL THE WAVES? WAHT DOES IT ACTUALY MEAN

Question 29

right ventricular enlargement pattern is a sinus rythym with a deep S wave on leads _______ Left anterior fascicular block is a sinus rythym with deep S waves on leads ________

Answer 29

a deep S wave on Leads I, II and III a deep S wave on leads II and III

Question 30

briefly describe sick sinus syndrome

Answer 30

sinus arrest, [often need pacemaker] -tachyarrythmia -bradyrythmias