TOXICOLOGY 1 Flashcards
(27 cards)
what are the 3 stages to decontamination [of a toxin]?
-decrease toxin absorption
-enhance toxin elimination
-general supportive care
lipiphillic agents are more easily absorbed in dermal toxicities. what is a simple form of dermal decontamination?
wash with dawn dish soap n warm water
briefly describe ocular decontamination
-flush with saline, water, DI water
-fluroscent eye exam and full ocular exam
indications to perform emesis?
-asymptomatic patient!
-when the toxin is likely still in the stomach: 1hr since consumption
where does hydrogen peroxide act?
-apomorphine?
apomorphine (emetic) moa?
-what are some adverse effects?
-stimulates dopamine receptors in CTZ
-adverse: sedation n vomititng
what are some adverse effects of using 3% hydrogen peroxide in emesis?
-local gastric irritant
-vomiting
-oesophagitis
-gastritis
-gastric ulceration
-cats are more sensitive than dogs!
ropinirole stimulates which receptors?
-how is it administeres?
-potential side effects?
-dopamine in CTZ
-ocular admin
-adverse effects: ocular signs: irritation, discharge, 3rd eyelid protrusion, blepharospasm
describe the physiological difference in cat vs dog CRZ (chemoreceptor trigger zones)
-dog: rich in dopamine receptors
-cats: rich in alpha 2 receptors
what are 2 commonly used emetics in cats?
-dexmedetomidine
-xylazine
what are some indications for gastric lavage?
-this is best within what time frame?
- Failure of emesis
- Altered level ofconsciousness
- Administration ofcharcoal
- Toxicants remaining in stomach
- Narrow safety margin
-best within 1-2hrs
explain how to conduct a gastric lavage
-pre measure tube till where?
-under GA with ET tube
-pre-measure tube till last rib
-insert into oesophagus
-introduce warm water
-use gravity
-continue until liquid has become clear. can be 30 misn
what is the role of activated charcoal?
toxin absorbent
-so keep in mind may also absorb therapeutic drugs
what are substances that are NOT absorbed by acitvated charcoal?
-anything ending in -ol or a heavy metal
aka
-heavy metals
-xylitol
-alcohols
-petroleum distillates
-nitrates
-acids/alkalis
due to enterohepatic recirculation, you can repeat activated charcoal dose how often?
every 4-8hrs
a cathartic can be given with the first dose of activated charcoal. what is the funcction of a cathartic?
-2 examples of a cathartic?
-decrease GI tract transit time [n therefore toxin absorption time]
-sorbitol n magnesium sulfate
when should ILE (intravenous lipid emulsifiers be used?
on any lipophillic toxin
-in patients with neuro signs: bc it needs to be liphophillic to cross the BBB
what is the main theory for the MOA of ILE?
lipid sink theory: ILE creates a lipid compartment which traps toxins
what are some adverse effects of ILE?
- Interfere with other drugs
- Microbial contamination
- Allergic reactions
- Pancreatitis
- Fat embolism
- Hyperlipidaemia
on chocolate toxicity:
-3 signs of chocolate toxicity?
-1 long term risk of chocolate toxicity
-tachycardia n cardiac arrhythmias
-hyperexcitability n seizures
-long term risk of pancreatitis
on lilly toxicity: [cats]
-symptom?
acute kidney failure
-also notice oral signs in peace & calla lilies
on grape toxicity:
-symptom?
acute kidney injury ->failure
on xylitol toxicity:
-3 symptoms?
-hyperinsulinaemia
-hepatotoxicity
-coagulopathy
on tremorgenic mycotoxin:
-what was ingested to cause this?
-what are some (6) signs?
-from mouldy food
-Vomiting, muscle
tremors, hyperaesthesia,
hyperthermia,ataxia,
seizures
