SOFT TISSUE SX 14 & 15

Question 1

what is an ovariohysterectomy?

Answer 1

(aka neuter/ spay) – removal of
ovaries and uterus

Question 2

what is an ovariectomy?

Answer 2

(also aka neuter/ spay) – removal of
ovaries only

Question 3

what is an orchiectomy?

Answer 3

(aka castration) – surgical removal of
testicles

Question 4

what is an episiotomy?

Answer 4

incision of the vulvar orifice to expose the
vulva & vagina (e.g. for mass excision)

Question 5

what is an episioplasty?

Answer 5

(aka vulvoplasty) – reconstruction of the
vulva

Question 6

-what are two causes/indications for an episioplasty?
-briefly describe the sx

Answer 6

-obesity & breed related

Question 7

what are some indications for a spay?

Answer 7

-population control
-prevent repro diseases
-treat repro diseases [ex pyo]
-control of oestrus-associated behaviors
-termination of pregnancy

Question 8

what are 2 conditions that are more likely in spayed cats [compared to entire]?

Answer 8

-obesity
-diabetes mellitus

Question 9

what are 3 broad conditions that are more common in spayed dogs [as opposed to entire]

Answer 9

-obesity
-orthopaedic conditions
-certain neoplasias

Question 10

-what is the traditional timeframe of neutering?
-what si the timeframe of early neutering?
-[dog n cats!]

Answer 10

-traditional: -cats: 5-6 mo
dogs: 6mo
-early: 6-16wks old

Question 11

what are some advantages to early neutering?

Answer 11

-shelter before adopting out
-breeder before adopting out
– Mammary tumours (now questionable in bitches but is more definitively protective in cats)
– Usually faster/ more simple surgery
– Smaller incision ?
– Quicker anaesthetic recovery
-TNR

Question 12

what are some disadvantages to early neutering?

Answer 12

-female: urinary incontenence
-immature genitals
-risk of ortho diseases

Question 13

ideally, elective spays are performed during which stage of the cycle in dogs? why? what is the disadvantages of spaying during the other stages?

Answer 13

anoestrus
-bc proestrous and estrous have friable tissue & increased haemorrhage risk
-and dioestrus could induce pseudopregnancy

Question 14

in the UK, dogs are typically given a midline OVH. cats are given a _______ OVH

Answer 14

flank OVH

Question 15

what are some steps to a pre-op assessment to elective neutering?

Answer 15

-history
-general exam
-signs of previous injury
-hernia
-genetalia, look for stage in cycle
-mammary glands
-cryptorchid
-correct sexing of cats
-congenital abnormalities

Question 16

steps to a midline OVH…
midline skin incision should be from _______ to _____

Answer 16

from umbilicus to midway to pubic brim

Question 17

which ovary is more caudal: right or left?

Answer 17

left

Question 18

steps to a midline OVH…

Answer 18

ON SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT, PROPER LIGAMENT, ROUND LIGAMENT,OVARIAN ARTERY

Question 19

steps to a midline OVH…
the ovarian pedicle consists of what structures?

Answer 19

-ovarian artery [from aorta]
-mesovarium
-suspensory ligament +fat

Question 20

steps to a midline OVH…
-the body of the uterus sits between which two structures?
-the uterine horn can be easily identified in sx because it is the most __________ structure in the abdomen

Answer 20

-bladder & colon
-most lateral structure in the abdomen

Question 21

steps to a midline OVH…
-how can u differentiate btwn small intestine and uterus?

Answer 21

-SI has a segmental blood supply
-uterus has a linear blood supply
-uterus is paler than SI

Question 22

steps to a midline OVH…
-after identifying the uterus during sx, you should follow the horns to the ovary.

Answer 22

ADD MORE INFO N PIC OF LIGAMETS N SUCH
BREAK DOWN, SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT

Question 23

steps to a midline OVH…
-expose the ovary until which structure is visible?

Answer 23

pedicle containing ovarian artery & vein

Question 24

steps to a midline OVH…
-describe how ligatures are placed after the triple clamp

Answer 24

-preplace first throw then tighten
ADD MORE+PICS

Question 25

steps to a midline OVH... -which forceps should be used for the triple clamp technique?

Answer 25

rochester-carmalt forceps

Question 25

steps to a midline OVH... -explain the triple clamp technique in an OVH, [specifically where exactly to place the clamps

Answer 25

-through window -proper ligament clamp above ovary -2 clamps across pedicle

Question 26

steps to a midline OVH... WHERE/WHY TRANSFIXING SUTURE?

Question 27

ABOVE CERVIX

Question 28

steps to a flank OVH.....

Answer 28

Question 29

steps to a flank OVH..... informative slide. this is step 1

Answer 29

this is step 2

Question 30

steps to a flank OVH..... informative slide. this is step 3: triple clamp technique as per bitch spay

Answer 30

step 4: inspect for bleeding before releasing pedicle

Question 31

steps to a flank OVH..... regarding the cervix, what is different in a cat/flank OVH?

Answer 31

-DO NOT NEED TO REACH IT BUT WHYA

Question 32

steps to a flank OVH... informative slide. step 5

Answer 32

informative slide. step 6

Question 33

what are 2 common intraoperative complications in an OVH?

Answer 33

-haemorrhage -ureter ligation/trauma

Question 34

what are 2 common early post operative complications in an OVH?

Answer 34

-woould healing problems -glossypyboma

Question 35

what are 5 common late post operative complications in an OVH?

Answer 35

– Ovarian remnant syndrome – Stump granulomas – Weight gain – Acquired incontinence – Associations with certain neoplasia/ ortho conditions

Question 36

steps to a caesarean... how does the incision differ form spays?

Answer 36

-ensure not to cut uterus that is engorged and quite superficial -larger incision

Question 37

steps to a caesarean... -informative slide...steps

Answer 37

Question 38

steps to a caesarean... informative slide: steps to neonatal resuscitation

Question 39

steps to a caesarean... when do you want to discharge the mother and pups?

Answer 39

asap: want to avoid stressful hospitalisiation bc she might not mother

Question 40

% incidence of pyometra in intact bitches?

Answer 40

24% -much less common in cats

Question 41

what is a stump pyometra?

Answer 41

accumalation in cervical stump following OHE: indicated presence of ovarian remenant

Question 42

ON PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PYOMETRA

Question 43

ON CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF PYOMETRA {WHICH STAGES OF CYCLE?]