Cardiovascular

Question 1

Cyanotic heart disease is due to a _____ to _____ shunt in the heart.

Answer 1

Right to left

Question 2

What three things show cyanotic heart disease?

Answer 2

Fallot’s Tetralogy
Transposition of the great vessels
Persistent Truncus Arteriosis

Question 3

MC cyanotic heart disease:

Answer 3

Fallot’s tetralogy

Question 4

Fallot’s Tetralogy consists of? 4

Answer 4

Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Overriding (dextra-position) aorta
VSD

Question 5

Failure of ductus arteriosus to close after birth?

Answer 5

PDA - patent ductus arteriosus

Question 6

Due to defect in the atrial septum: failure of the ostium secundum to close.

Answer 6

ASD - Atrial septal defect

Question 7

Due to defect in the ventricular septum:

Answer 7

VSD - ventral septal defect

Question 8

MC congenital heart disease (30%)

Answer 8

VSD

Question 9

Due to narrowing of the arch near the ligamentum arteriosum.

Answer 9

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 10

Uncommon cause of congenital cyanotic heart disease in which the aorta is connected to the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk is connected to the left ventricle.

Answer 10

Transposition of the Great Vessels

Question 11

Due to a post-strep infection

Answer 11

Rheumatic fever

Question 12

Rheumatic fever is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 12

Type II

Question 13

MC valve to be damaged in rheumatic fever?

Answer 13

mitral

Question 14

In rheumatic fever this valve will be damage 25% of the time.

Answer 14

aortic

Question 15

Characterized by Aschoff bodies (granulomas with Antischkow giant cells) and MacCullum’s patches which are found in the ____ atrium.

Answer 15

Rheumatic fever

left

Question 16

Endocarditis may be caused by what?

Answer 16

Strep. pyogenes, viridians, or Staph. aureus

Question 17

Jones major criteria in diagnosing rheumatic fever are:

Answer 17

SPEC:
Syndeham's chorea
Polyarteritis
Erythema marginatum
Carditis
Subcutaneous nodules

Question 18

This type of Endocarditis is seen MC as a sequel of rheumatic fever (S. viridians)

Answer 18

Subacute bacterial endocarditis

Question 19

This Endocarditis is an infection of previously HEALTHY valves.

Answer 19

Acute bacterial endocarditis

Question 20

This Endocarditis has splinter hemorrhages, Olser’s Nodes and Janeway nodules.

Answer 20

Subacute bacterial endocarditis

Question 21

This Endocarditis is seen MC in intravenous drug users (staph. Aureus)

Answer 21

Acute endocarditis

Question 22

This the sterile (non-infective) Endocarditis seen in SLE?

Answer 22

Libman Sacks Endocarditis (SLE - get it?)

Question 23

Libman Sacks Endocarditis affects which two valves?

Answer 23

Mitral and tricuspid

Question 24

This is a treponema palladium infection leading to aortic aneurysm, aortic stenosis, and angina pectoris.

Answer 24

Syphilitic aortitis

Question 25

Syphilitic aortitis often affects the _____ aorta in ____ syphilis.

Answer 25

Arch of the aorta | tertiary

Question 26

Clot formed within an atherosclerotic vessel with lines of Zahn.

Answer 26

thrombus

Question 27

Dislodged mass of undissolved material in blood vessel traveling the blood.

Answer 27

embolism

Question 28

Which type of embolism is painless, pulseless, and perishingly cold limb?

Answer 28

Arterial embolism

Question 29

Thickening of the arteries with loss of elasticity and contractility due to infiltration of the tunica intima of collagen and smooth muscle fibers.

Answer 29

arteriosclerosis

Question 30

Commonly caused by lipid/calcium deposits in the tunica intima.

Answer 30

athersclerosis

Question 31

Who is at risk for athersclerosis:

Answer 31

Male, obese, age

Question 32

The pathology of this includes subendothelial fatty streaks, fibrosis, atheromas, rupture with eventual occlusion or embolus formation.

Answer 32

athersclerosis

Question 33

Ischemic heart disease is caused by ______ athersclerosis.

Answer 33

coronary

Question 34

Coronary athersclerosis in ischemic heart disease leads to what?

Answer 34

Angina Myocardial infarction CHF

Question 35

This condition is caused by REVERSIBLE inadequately perfused myocardium and the pain is aggravated by stress and exertion and RELIEVED by rest.

Answer 35

Angina pectoris

Question 36

This angina occurs AT REST and is caused by what?

Answer 36

Prinzmetal (variant) angina | Coronary artery spasm

Question 37

This condition of the heart is NOT relieved by rest.

Answer 37

Myocardial infarction

Question 38

Myocardial infarction related to ischemic necrosis of the myocardium due to blocked coronary artery, mainly the:

Answer 38

Left anterior descending artery

Question 39

This condition results in the release of cardiac enzymes such as troponin, creating kinase-MB, and lactic dehydrogenase.

Answer 39

Myocardial infarction

Question 40

Local dilation of an artery: congenital or acquired.

Answer 40

aneurysm

Question 41

Atherosclerotic aneurysm most often affect:

Answer 41

Abdominal aorta

Question 42

This type of aneurysm presents with a Pulsatile abdominal mass with a bruit and low back pain.

Answer 42

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Question 43

Dissecting aneurysm results from a longitudinal _____ tearing of the _________ _____ aorta.

Answer 43

Intramural | Ascending thoracic

Question 44

Dissecting aneurysm is seen in these two syndromes

Answer 44

Marfan's and Ehlers-Danlos

Question 45

Syphilitic aneurysm occurs where?

Answer 45

Arch of the aorta

Question 46

Berry aneurysms are ______ weaknesses only present in the _____ decade.

Answer 46

Congenital | 3rd

Question 47

Berry aneurysm may be associated with what?

Answer 47

adult polycystic disease of the kidney

Question 48

What area is the Berry aneurysm located?

Answer 48

Anterior part of the circle of Willis: ant. Communicating artery (?)

Question 49

Berry aneurysm can cause a ___________ hemorrhage in young adults.

Answer 49

subarachnoid

Question 50

This can present with a severe sudden (thunder clap) headache, neck stiffness, and loss of consciousness.

Answer 50

Berry aneurysm