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Gross Anatomy > Cardiovascular anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiovascular anatomy Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 loops of general circulation?

A

Pulmonary circulation & systemic circulation

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2
Q

What is pulmonary circulation

A

Takes blood from the heart to the lungs and back

Low pressure

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3
Q

What is systemic circlation

A

Blood distributed from the heart through the body and back

High pressure

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4
Q

Which way do arteries take the blood?

A

Away from the heart

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5
Q

Which way do veins take the blood?

A

Toward the heart

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6
Q

How does blood leave the heart

A

Either through pulmonary artery (right ventricle) or aorta (left ventricle) to smaller arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, to veins

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7
Q

How many times does blood flow through capillaries?

A

Once except the portal system (2 capillary beds)

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8
Q

What portal systems are there?

A

Hepatic portal system

Hypothalamic-hyophyseal portal system

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9
Q

What are portal systems for?

A

Drug Absorption

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10
Q

What is the Surgeon’s pericardal sac?

A

3 layers
Pericardial mediastinal pleura
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal serous pericardium

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11
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Lines the lumen of the heart

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12
Q

Which ventricle has thicker myocardal muscle?

A

Left

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13
Q

What surrounds the outside of the heart?

A

Visceral serous pericardium

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14
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

Visceral serous pericardium

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15
Q

What is myocardium?

A

Myocardial muscle

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16
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Angled caudally & to the left between the 3rd and 6th intercostal space

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17
Q

What is the conduction system

A 
Sinoatrial node (starts signal)
Atrioventricular node (slows signal)

Purkinje fibers (conduct impulses)

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18
Q

What is the trabecula septomarginalis

A

A septum that conducts purkinje fibers across the lumen of the right ventricle

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19
Q

Why is the AV node important?

A

It slows the signal to ensure that the atria contract before ventricles

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20
Q

Where is the base of the heart?

Apex?

A

Base of the heart is located cranially

Apex is located caudoventrally

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21
Q

What is the auricular portion of the wall? The atrial?

A

Auricular portion of the heart touches the left thoracic wall

Atrial portion of the heart touches the right thoracic wall

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22
Q

Where is the coronary groove?

A

Dorsal auricular groove between left atrium and left ventricle

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23
Q

What is the subsinuosal groove?

A

Dorsal groove between left and right ventricle

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24
Q

What is the paraconal interventricular groove

A

Ventral aspect on the right ventricle

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25
What is the conous arteriosis?
Conical pouch located on the upper left angle of the right ventricle that leads to the pulmonary trunk
26
What are the divisions of the right atrium?
Main part: Sinus venarum Blind part: right auricle
27
What in flow of blood is associated with the right atrium?
Cranial vena cava Caudal vena cava Coronary sinus - venous return to the heart
28
What out flow of blood is associated with the right atrium?
Right atrioventricular orifice (blood flow from atrium to ventricle)
29
What is the intervenous tubercle?
Located in the right atrium and diverts inflowing blood from caval veins in to right AV orifice
30
What are the pectinate muscles?
Located in right atrium | Interlacing muscles to strengthen atrial wall
31
What is the in flowing blood supply to the right ventricle?
Right AV orifice
32
Where is the right AV valve located?
In the AV orifice
33
What is the out flowing blood supply to the right ventricle?
Pulmonary trunk
34
Where is the pulmonary valve located?
In the pulmonary trunk
35
What are the papillary muscles?
Conical shaped muscular projections that give rise to the chordae tendinae
36
What are the chordae tendinae?
Parachute cords that prevent the eversion of the AV valves
37
What are trabeculae carnae?
myocardial ridges on the lining of ventricles
38
What is the in flow to the left atrium?
Pulmonary veins
39
What is the out flow of the left atrium?
Left AV orifice (location of left AV valve)
40
What other features does the left atrium consist of?
Left auricle | pectinate muscles
41
What is the in flow for the left ventricle?
Left AV orifice
42
What is the outflow for the left venticle?
Aortic orifice (location of Aortic valve)
43
What features does the left ventricle consist of?
Same as right but more robust Papillary muscles, chordae tendinae, trabeculae carnae
44
What are the coronary arteries?
Arise from ascending aorta | Left coronary & right coronary
45
Which side of the circulatory pattern is more developed?
Left side
46
What are the branches of the left coronary artery?
Circumflex, subsinuosal interventricular, paraconal interventricular, septal
47
What are the branches of the cardiac veins?
Great cardiac vein Middle cardiac vein Coronary sinus
48
What is the coronary sinus?
A collection of veins that collect blood from the heart muscle and delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
49
What is sytole
Cardiac contraction
50
What is diastole
Cardiac relaxation
51
What does the lub sound mean
Closure of AV valves (atrial contraction)
52
What does the dub sound mean
Closure of semi-lunar valves (ventricle contraction)
53
What is a murmur?
The sound from turbulent blood flow
54
What causes murmurs?
Leaky valves, Narrow valves (AV[systole], semilunar[diastole])
55
Where is the pulmonary point of maximal intensity felt?
Low in the left 3rd intercostal space
56
Where is the aortic PMI felt?
High in the left 4th intercostal space
57
Where is the left AV valve?
Low in the left 5th intercostal space
58
Where is the right AV valve?
Low in the right 4-5th intercostal space
59
What is aortic stenosis?
Systolic murmur
60
What are the two principal branches of the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic trunk, aorta
61
What branch comes from the aorta?
Left subclavian
62
What branches come from the brachiocephalic trunk?
Right subclavian, left common carotid artery and right common carotid artery
63
Where does the vertebral artery run through?
Transverse foramen
64
Where does the thoracic artery associate?
Caudal surface of the rib
65
When does the axillary artery begin?
The subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery after the first rib
66
What veins form the cranial vena cava?
Right external jugular vein Subclavian vein Right brachiocephalic vein Left brachiocephalic vein
67
How is lymph returned to the venous system?
Thoracic duct | Right lymphatic duct
68
Characteristics of the thoracic ducts
Empties near the left venous angle Receives lymph from 3/4 of the body
69
Characteristics of the right lymphatic duct
Empties near the right venous angle Receives lymph from the right half of the head, neck and right thoracic limb and shoulder
70
What are the unique features of fetal circulation?
Shrunken lungs are nonfunctional and resistant to blood flow Oxygenation and nutrient waste exchange occurs in the placenta
71
What circulatory structures are necessary in the fetus?
``` Umbilical arteries Umbilical vein Ductus venosus Foramen ovale Ductus arteriosus ```
72
What are the umbilical arteries?
originates from the internal iliac arteries. Umbilical arteries carry fetal blood through the umbilical cord to placenta for nutrient waste exchange
73
What is the umbilical vein?
Returns fetal blood from placenta to the fetus
74
What is the ductus venosus?
A channel in the fetal liver for the umbilical vein
75
What is the foramen ovale?
Passage through the interatrial septum that allows blood to bypass the lungs from the right to left atrium
76
What is the ductus arteriosus?
Vascular connection between the pumonary trunk and the aorta which allows most of the blood to pass from the right ventricle directly to the aorta
77
How does the foramen ovale work?
Pressure in the right fetal atrium is higher than the left. Blood moves to left atrium
78
What are the lung changes that occur at birth?
Lungs inflate decreasing pulmonary resistance Increased pulmonary blood flow Increased pressure from venous return to the left atrium closes foramen ovale
79
What are the circulatory changes that occur at birth?
Increased pO2 causes smooth muscle contraction and the closing of umbilical arteries, umbilical vein, ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus
80
What changes occur over time after birth?
umbilical arteries regress to form round ligaments of the urinary bladder umbilical vein becomes round ligament of the liver In the liver, ductus venosus becomes ligamentum venosum Ductus arteriosus becomes ligamentum arteriosum Foramen ovale fibroses to become fossa ovalis
81
If the foramen ovale does not close, are there patholigcal signs?
Not generally because the higher left atrium pressure keeps the valve of the foramen ovale closed

Gross Anatomy (28 decks)

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