Lecture 2 materials - joints

Question 1

What is an articulation?

Answer 1

Junction of 2 or more bones or cartilages

Question 2

What are the 3 joint types?

Answer 2

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 3

What joints have the most freedom of movement?

Answer 3

Synovial

Question 4

Describe fibrous joints

Answer 4

Little to no movement. Skeletal components are united by fibrous connective tissue

Question 5

What are the 3 subtypes of fibrous joints?

Answer 5

Sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses

Question 6

Where is a suture joint found?

Answer 6

Joint between the flat bones of the skull

Question 7

Why are sutures important in young animals?

Answer 7

Allow deformation of skull during partuition

Allow growth of the skull

Question 8

Where is a gomphosis joint found?

Answer 8

Dental implantations (between roots of teeth and alveoli)

Formed by the periodontal ligament

Question 9

Where is a syndesmosis joint found?

Answer 9

All other fibrous joints except face bones (suture) and teeth (gomphosis).

Example: fibrous tissue between metacarpal bones

Question 10

Describe cartilaginous joints

Answer 10

Permits limited movement such as compression or stretching

Skeletal components are united by cartilage

Question 11

Name the 2 subtypes of cartilage

Answer 11

Hyaline cartlage, fibrocartilaginous joints

Question 12

What is a hyaline cartilage joint?

Answer 12

Hyaline cartilage unites connective tissue

Many hyaline joints disappear with age (ossification).

Example: physes of growing bones ossify, costochondral junctions remain throughout life

Question 13

Describe fibrocartilaginous joints

Answer 13

Unites connective tissue

Example: Pelvic symphysis, mandibular symphysis, intervertebral discs

Question 14

Describe synovial joints

Answer 14

Free moveable

Skeletal components are separated by synovial fluid at joints

The capillary film allows the synovial joint to slide

Question 15

What are the 2 subtypes of synovial joints?

Answer 15

Simple joints (two skeletal components), compound joints (more than 2 skeletal components)

Question 16

What are the basic features of a synovial joint?

Answer 16

Joint cavity, joint capsule (outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane), synovial fluid, articular cartilage

Question 17

Does the bones of the synovial joint touch?

Answer 17

No, the articular cartilage on each bone touches except for the thin layer of synovial fluid

Question 18

What is articular cartilage?

Answer 18

Hyaline cartilage appears ‘glassy’ and covers the articular surfaces of bones

Hyaline cartilage does not appear on radiographs, and does not have blood or nerve supply

Question 19

Describe the fibrous layer of the joint capsule

Answer 19

Composed mainly of white fibrous tissue with yellow elastic fibers

Blends with the periosteum ner the articular cartilage

Thin and loose in mobile joints, and thick in less mobile joints

Question 20

What does the fibrous layer of the synovial joint capsule form on less mobile joints?

Answer 20

Discrete ligaments

Question 21

Describe ligaments

Answer 21

A band or cord of connective tissue that unites two or more bones or cartilage

Also acts as membranous connections between visceral structures

Question 22

Describe tendons

Answer 22

A band or cord of connective tissue that unites muscle with bone

Question 23

What is the function of ligaments?

Answer 23

Stabilize and unite skeletal components

Extracapsular ligaments are outside the fibrous portion of the joint capsule

Intracapsular are located inside the fibrous part of the joint capsule (genual joint)

Question 24

Describe collateral ligaments

Answer 24

Extracapsular, derived from thickened fibrous portion of the joint capsule.

Found in most appendicular synovial joints.

Generally present medially and laterally to stabilize but allow cranial/caudal movement

Question 25

Describe the synovial membrane

Answer 25

Produces synovial fluid Vascularized and innervated Lines the inner surface of the fibrous joint capsule

Question 26

Does the synovial membrane cover the articular cartilage?

Answer 26

No, synovial membrane is not present on articular cartlage or wheree fibrocartilaginous plates contact each other

Question 27

What does the synovial membrane do in response to aggravation?

Answer 27

Overproduction of synovial fluid which can result in joint distension

Question 28

What is the primary source of pain in joint disease?

Answer 28

The rich innervation of the synovial membrane

Question 29

What are the primary functions of synovial fluid?

Answer 29

Lubricate contact surfaces of synovial joints, nourishment, removal of waste

Question 30

Describe fibrocartilaginous plates

Answer 30

Fibrocartilaginous structures located between articular surfaces These help stabilize, distribute synovial fluid and improve shock absorption

Question 31

What is an example of a fibrocartilaginous plate?

Answer 31

Fibrocartilaginous plates are located in temporomandibular joints as (2) articular discs 2 menisci are found in each genual (knee) joint

Question 32

What are the joints of the thoracic limb?

Answer 32

Humeral joint (shoulder), cubital joint (elbow), carpal joint complex, digital joints

Question 33

Describe the humeral joint

Answer 33

Capable of movement in any direction but functions primarily as flexion/extension Does not have collateral ligaments but is stabilized by the supra- & infra-spinatus muscles laterally, and subscapularis and coracobrachialis muscles medially

Question 34

Describe the cubital joint

Answer 34

Compound joint Formed by humeral condyle, head of the radius and trochlear notch of the ulna. Very little lateral movement due to collateral ligaments

Question 35

Name the joints of the carpal joint complex

Answer 35

Antebrachiocarpal joint, middle carpal joint, carpometacarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joint, proximal/distal interphalangeal joint

Question 36

Where does the majority of movement occur in the carpal joint complex?

Answer 36

antebrachiocarpal joint

Question 37

What are the joints of the pelvic limb?

Answer 37

Coxal (hip), Genual (knee), Tarsal joint complex, digital joints

Question 38

Describe the coxal joint

Answer 38

Great range of movement due to ball-and-socket construction No lateral collateral ligaments Liagment of the head of the femur anchors the femoral head to the acetabulum and is intracapsular

Question 39

Where does the ligament of the femoral head attach to the femur?

Answer 39

Fovea capitis femoris

Question 40

Describe the genual joint

Answer 40

This is an instable joint due to bones not fitting together properly. 2 menisci in each knee stabilized at the distal end of the femur

Question 41

How many ligaments are in the genual joint?

Answer 41

10 ligaments 8 intracapsular 2 extracapsular

Question 42

Name the meniscal ligaments

Answer 42

Cranial tibial ligament of medial meniscus, caudal tibial ligament of the medial meniscus, cranial tibial ligament of the lateral meniscus, caudal tibial ligament of the lateral meniscus, transverse ligament, meniscofemoral ligament

Question 43

Name the femorotibial ligaments and location

Answer 43

Medial collateral ligament (extracapsular), lateral collateral ligament (extracapsular), cranial cruciate ligament (intracapsular), caudal cruciate ligament (intracapsular)

Question 44

What is cranial drawer?

Answer 44

When one of the cruciate ligaments is damaged, the tibia can move more easily

Question 45

Which genual ligament is the most commonly damaged?

Answer 45

Cranial cruciate ligament

Question 46

Name the joints of the tarsal complex

Answer 46

Tarsocrural joint, Talocalcaneocentral joint, talocalcaneal joint, calcaneoquartal joint, centrodistal joint, tarsometatarsal joint

Question 47

Describe the atlantoocciptal joint

Answer 47

Synovial. Between C1 and the occipital bone, nods head yes

Question 48

Describe the atlantoaxial joint

Answer 48

Synovial. Between C1 and C2, rotation of head, shake head no

Question 49

What type of joint is an intervertebral disc?

Answer 49

Fibrocartilaginous

Question 50

What are the 2 parts to the intervertebral disc?

Answer 50

Anulus fibrosus (outer), nucleus pulposus (inner)

Question 51

How many times does the rib articulate with the vertebrae?

Answer 51

3 until T11, then only 2 Tranverse process and cranial/caudal costal fovea Rib articulations are synovial