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Gross Anatomy > Lecture 5 materials - Myology > Flashcards

Lecture 5 materials - Myology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of muscles?

A

Movement of the body, movement of substances inside the body, glycogen sotrage

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2
Q

Is it true or false that only muscles are the only tissue with the ability to contract

A

True

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3
Q

Name the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

Smooth, cardiac, striated

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4
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A

Visceral, unstriated, involuntary muscle

Specialized for slow and steady contractions

Muscle cells are spindle-shaped, mono-nucleated and innervated by the General Visceral Efferent nerve

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5
Q

Name locations of smooth muscle

A

Hair follicles, walls of hollow organs, blood vessel walls, glands, capsule of the spleen in dogs, muscles of iris (eye)

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6
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Forms the bulk of the heart

Muscle cells are branched with centrally located nuclei and intercalated discs.

Muscle cells are striated and innervated by General Visceral Efferent nerve

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7
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

Accounts for 40% of body weight

Attached to bone
Striated, somatic, voluntary muscle

Muscle cells are multinucleated, arranged in to bundles with nuclei seen peripherally

Innervated by somatic motor neuron

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8
Q

What is the connective tissue located on all skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium

Epimysium is continuous with the fascia and tendons

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9
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

A bundle of muscle fibers

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10
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

Connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle

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11
Q

What is connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber (cell)?

A

Endomysium

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12
Q

What is the muscle fiber made of?

A

Myofibrils

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13
Q

What is a myofibril composed of?

A

Sarcomeres (Action, myosin) separated by Z discs

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14
Q

What connects muscle to bone?

A

Tendons, aponeuroses

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15
Q

What type of attachment is muscle directly to periosteum?

A

Fleshy

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16
Q

What is an example of a fleshy attachment?

A

Serratus ventralis muscle attaches directly to the serrated face of the scapula

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17
Q

What are tendons composed of?

A

Collagen fibers

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18
Q

Describe the arrangement of a tendon

A

Much like muscle fibers

A group of fibers creates a primary bundle (subfascicle)

A group of subfascicles forms a secondary bundle (fascicle)

A group of secondary bundles forms a tertiary bundle

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19
Q

What connective tissue surrounds individual tendon fibers?

A

Endotendon envelopes the subfascicle

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20
Q

What is epitenon?

A

The connective tissue that surrounds the entire tendon

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21
Q

What is paratenon

A

Paratenon surrounds the epitenon

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22
Q

Describe a tendon

A

Similar in strength to bone

Damaged by excessive friction or pressure (changing direction over bony prominence)

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23
Q

Name the protective mechanisms for tendons

A

Sesamoid bones occur at bony prominences to ease tendon pressure and friction

Synovial fluid eases friction

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24
Q

What is a synovial bursae?

A

A flat sac of synovial fluid that facilitates the movement of a tendon over bone

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25
What are the 2 types of bursae?
Congenital bursae - present at birth; calcanean bursa Induced bursa - not present at birth; developed due to outside pressure
26
Describe sesamoid bones
Imbedded in certain tendons or joint capsules Usually present at birth, sometimes develop due to friction
27
What is the function of sesamoid bones?
Protect tendons that pass over bony prominences Increase surface area for tendon attachment over joints Patella
28
Describe the tendon sheath
Elongated bursa that the tendon sinks in to
29
What is the internal layer of the tendon sheath called?
Visceral layer, its attached to the tendon Synovial sheath
30
What is the parietal layer?
External layer that is connected to the periosteum
31
What connects the visceral and parietal layers?
mesotendon Mesotendons provide vascular and sensory nerve supply
32
What does aponeurosis mean literally?
Apo- 'from' Neuron 'tendon' Connective tissue spreading from tendon
33
What is fascia?
Connective tissue that encloses muscle or organ
34
Describe superficial fascia
Associated with the dermis of the skin Contains cutaneous muscles (cutaneous trunci muscle)
35
Describe deep fascia
Covers and separates muscles by forming a sleeve. Consists of mesh-like sheet composed of mostly collagen fibers that are oriented in the same direction as the tension and stress forces
36
Clinical relevance of deep fascia?
Deep fascia serves as attachment site for muscles Deep fascia holds sutures well compared to muscles Allows for fairly bloodless separation of muscles Inflammation or swelling of a muscle, or fluid accumulation will compress other structures in the compartment Direct drainage of fluids will spread infection
37
What is the regional thickening of deep fascia?
Retinacula
38
Give examples of retinaculum
Flexor retinaculum, extensor retinaculum, (proximal, distal, palmer) annular ligaments
39
What does retinaculum literally mean?
'that which binds' | 'band'
40
Describe a spindle shaped muscle
Passive head at muscle origin, active muscle belly in the middle, passive tail at insertion
41
Where does contraction occur within the muscle?
In the muscle belly
42
Name examples of spindle shaped muscles
Biceps (two-heads) Triceps (4 heads) Quadriceps (4 heads)
43
Describe pennate muscles
Muscle fibers lie oblique (slanting) to the line of muscle force
44
Describe a unipennate muscle
Al muscle fibers lie on the same side of the tendon Extensor digitorum muscle
45
Describe a bipennate muscle
Muscle fibers lie on both sides of the tendon Rectus femoris
46
Describe a multipennate muscle
The tendon branches within the muscle
47
Name all muscle forms
Pennate (deltoid), spindle shaped (biceps), sphincter, wide with tendinous tissue (abs), circular (eye), wide with aponeuroses
48
What is a motor unit?
One motor neuron and all muscle fibers are a motor unit Every muscle fiber is innervated by a lower motor neuron, and a single neuron can innervate many muscle fibers. Alpha lower motor neuron that causes skeletal muscles to contract
49
Can muscle fibers contract independently from each other?
No, all or no muscle fibers contract
50
What determines the force of a muscle contraction?
The size of the motor unit. A small motor unit is a single neuron innervating a few muscle fibers A large motor unit is a single neuron innervating several hundred muscle fibers Motor units are activated from small to large
51
What is the purpose of the muscle spindles?
Provide feedback on muscle length
52
What is the purpose of the golgi tendon organs
Provide feedback on muscle tension
53
What is the patellar reflex?
Tapping on the patellar ligament stretches the musculotendinous junction which stimulates the muscle spindle and results in a contraction of muscle
54
What is hypertrophy?
Enlargement of muscle fibers (increase in contractile proteins) Results in increased muscle mass
55
What is atrophy?
decrease is size or shrinking of muscle fibers (loss of contractile proteins) Caused by disuse or neurogenic atrophy (denervation)
56
What is the relationship between muscles, tendons and joints?
If a muscle or tendon crosses a joint, when the muscle contracts, the joint will move Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction
57
What is flexion?
Angle of flexor surface "folding"
58
What is extension?
Straightening of the flexor surface
59
What is a muscle agonist?
Any muscle capable of producing a designated action on a joint (Abs during a crunch, any muscle that flexes the shoulder joint)
60
What is a muscle antagonist?
Any muscle that has the opposite action as a flexor on a joint (brachialis vs triceps)
61
What is a fixator?
Any muscle that stabilizes joints while agonists are acting (rhomboideus)
62
What is a synergist?
Any muscle that stabilizes intermediate or proximal joints and enables the force of the prime mover to be exerted on a more distal joint (bices brachii)
63
Can a muscle be both an agonist and antagonist?
Yes. Triceps is agonist for elbow extension but antagonist for elbow flexion Biceps brachii and brachialis is agonist for elbow flexion but antagonist for elbow extension

Gross Anatomy (28 decks)

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