Lecture 1 materials - bones

Question 1

What is the median plane?

Answer 1

Mid-sagittal, perpendicular mid-line

Question 2

What is sagittal plane?

Answer 2

Dividing something in to left and right

Question 3

What is transverse plane?

Answer 3

Perpendicular to mass

Question 4

What is dorsal plane?

Answer 4

Dividing something to top and bottom

Question 5

What are directional terms for a hollow structure?

Answer 5

Internal vs External or

Inner vs Outer

Question 6

What are directional terms for a solid structure?

Answer 6

Superficial vs deep

Question 7

When are palmar and plantar used?

Answer 7

After proximal most point on the carpus/tarsus

Question 8

What does axial mean?

Answer 8

Facing towards axis (inside of toes point towards bone)

Question 9

What does abaxial mean?

Answer 9

Facing away from axis (outside of toes point away from bone)

Question 10

Name the regions of the forelimb

Answer 10

Shoulder, brachium, antebrachium, manus

Question 11

Name the regions of the hindlimb

Answer 11

Hip, thigh, crus (stifle), pes

Question 12

What are the flexor surfaces of the forelimb?

Answer 12

Back, back, front, back

Question 13

What are the flexor surfaces of the hindlimb?

Answer 13

Back, front, back, front

Question 14

What does flexion mean?

Answer 14

The points where the skin touches at a joint

Question 15

What does extension mean?

Answer 15

The parts of the skin opposite the flexors of the joint

Question 16

What is circumduction?

Answer 16

Elliptical rotation

Question 17

What is supination?

Answer 17

Lateral rotation

Question 18

What is pronation?

Answer 18

Medial rotation

Question 19

Name the main functions of bone

Answer 19

Levers for muscle action, protection of vital organs, support

Question 20

Name all functions of bone

Answer 20

Levers for muscle action, support, protection of organs, mineral depots, site of hematopoesis, storage of fat

Question 21

Describe a long bone

Answer 21

Significantly longer in 1 dimension, found only in limbs, act as levers

Example: Humerus, femur

Question 22

Describe a short bone

Answer 22

Equidimensional, fund only in limbs, used for complex movement

Example: Carpal and tarsal bones

Question 23

Describe flat bones

Answer 23

Reduced in one dimension, site of hematopoesis

Example: Scapula, ribs, some skull bones

Question 24

Describe irregular bones

Answer 24

Irregular bones have jutting processes

Example: vertebrae, pelvis

Question 25

Describe sesamoid bones

Answer 25

Seed shaped, imbedded within tendons, reduce friction between tendon and underlying bone Example: Patella

Question 26

Describe appendicular skeleton

Answer 26

Bones of the limbs

Question 27

Describe axial skeleton

Answer 27

Bones of the skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column

Question 28

Describe heterotopic skeleton

Answer 28

Unusual bones, os penis in dog, os cordis in ox. Os rostral in pig

Question 29

Describe compact bone

Answer 29

Dense, cortical bone

Question 30

Describe spongy bone

Answer 30

Made from trabecular or cancellous bone, lies within the 2 compact layers of flat bones Found in extremities of long bones and forms internal substance of short and irregular bones.

Question 31

Describe bone marrow

Answer 31

Found in medullary cavity of long bones and in the spaces of spongy bone

Question 32

What is red marrow?

Answer 32

Hematopoetic marrow, glows red

Question 33

What is yellow marrow?

Answer 33

Fatty marrow

Question 34

Describe endochondral bone

Answer 34

Bone progressively replaces cartilage. Most bones are endochondral

Question 35

Describe intramembranous bone

Answer 35

Bones form within a sheet of connective tissue (intramembranous ossification). Bones of the face and skull

Question 36

What is the purpose of the cartilage in endochondral ossification?

Answer 36

Cartilage serves as matrix for bone development.

Question 37

What are primary and secondary centers of ossification?

Answer 37

Primary: bone has replaced cartilage at these centers before birth (shaft of bones) Secondary: bone replaces this crtilage with age (ends of bone)

Question 38

What is an epiphyseal plate?

Answer 38

Cartilaginous plate that remains between ossification centers until the bone is mature.

Question 39

How do bones elongate?

Answer 39

Continuous cartilage production and resorption, and progressive ossification at epiphyseal plates elongates bone during growth

Question 40

Describe intramembranous ossification

Answer 40

No cartilage model, bone forms directly within connective tissue. This occurs under the periosteum as bones grow in diameter

Question 41

Do mot bones use both intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

Answer 41

Yes, endochondral for elongation and intramembranous for diameter growth

Question 42

What is the diaphysis

Answer 42

Shaft of the long bone

Question 43

What is the epiphysis

Answer 43

End of the long bone

Question 44

What is the physis

Answer 44

Growing cartilage plate in immature bone

Question 45

What is the metaphysis

Answer 45

Flared segment of bone located on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate (diameter)

Question 46

What is an apophysis

Answer 46

Bony projection that develops from an independent center of ossification

Question 47

What is periosteum?

Answer 47

A layer of vascular connective tissue that is superficial to the cortex and envelops most bones except at articular surfaces

Question 48

What is endosteum?

Answer 48

A layer of connective tissue that is deep to the cortex and line the medullary cavity

Question 49

What is the medullary cavity?

Answer 49

Central cavity of the bone shaft where red and yellow marrow are stored

Question 50

What is the cortex?

Answer 50

The hard outer layer of bone, cortical bone

Question 51

Describe pneumatic bones

Answer 51

Air-filled spaces. In mammals these are in the skull and contain the paranasal sinuses. In birds, they are also found outside the skull and communicate with the respiratory system

Question 52

Do sinuses grow with age?

Answer 52

Yes

Question 53

What is the nutrient source for bones?

Answer 53

Nutrient artery that passes through the nutrient foramen Nutrient artery helps heal broken bones

Question 54

What is Legg-Calve-Perthes disease?

Answer 54

In developing bone, the epiphyseal artery does not penetrate growth plate and blood cannot get to the femoral head leading to bone necrosis and death

Question 55

What is the significance of the nutrient foramina

Answer 55

Located in the middle of diaphysis, may resemble fracture on radiograph. Often where signs of panosteitis (leg bone inflammation) are first detectable

Question 56

Describe the vertebrae

Answer 56

two pedicles make the sides, two lamina make the spinous process Vertebral foramen is between body and lamina, and form the vertebral canal

Question 57

How many articulations on a typical thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 57

12

Question 58

What is the intervertebral foramen

Answer 58

Space made by 2 vertebral notches, nerves exit

Question 59

How many times does the rib articulate with the vertebrae?

Answer 59

Usually 3, but only 2 after T10

Question 60

Name the number of each vertebrae

Answer 60

``` Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 13 Lumbar: 7 Sacral: 3 Caudal: 20 ```

Question 61

What is special about C7?

Answer 61

C7 has caudal costal fovae for rib 1 and does not have transverse foramina

Question 62

What is the anticlincal vertebrae?

Answer 62

T11, spinous processes begin to lean cranially

Question 63

What begins at T11?

Answer 63

Ribs begin to articulate only on cranial costal fovae. Thoracic vertebrae T11 - T13 only have 10 articulations because no caudal costal fovea

Question 64

Where do the nerves exit from the sacrum?

Answer 64

Pelvic sacral foramina