Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What comprises the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

heart, blood vessels, and blood

Question 2

what is the primary role of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 2

transport gases, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and heat around the body

Question 3

what percent of blood volume travels through the heart every minute?

Answer 3

~100%

Question 4

each beat of the heart moves how much blood?

Answer 4

about a liter

Question 5

resting heart rate

Answer 5

35 beats/min

Question 6

galloping heart rate

Answer 6

up to 240 beats/min

Question 7

list the membranes surrounding the heart from outermost to innermost

Answer 7

1. pericardium
2. epicardium
3. myocardium
4. endocardium

Question 8

pericardium

Answer 8

surrounds the heart; has a small amount of fluid to prevent friction

Question 9

myocardium

Answer 9

layer of cardiac muscle that does not fatigue

Question 10

what do congenital heart defects allow to happen?

Answer 10

blood from the left and right sides of the heart mix

Question 11

is the right or left ventricle more muscular? why?

Answer 11

left because it has to pump blood to the rest of the body, while the right just has to pump blood to the lungs

Question 12

systole

Answer 12

contraction of the heart/blood exits

Question 13

diastole

Answer 13

relaxation of the heart/blood enters

Question 14

what are the heart noises?

Answer 14

Lub = the 1st sound; A/V valves close to prevent backflow of blood into the atria
Dub = the 2nd sound; semi-lunar valves close to allow ventricles to fill with blood

Question 15

what is blood pressure

Answer 15

systole/diastole

Question 16

is systole or diastole larger?

Answer 16

systole

Question 17

arteries

Answer 17

carry blood away from the heart; oxygenated and spurt when cut; walls are made of elastic collagen and smooth muscle

Question 18

veins

Answer 18

carry blood to the heart; deoxygenated and do not spurt when cut; no muscle; one-way valves prevent backflow of blood

Question 19

capillaries

Answer 19

form network of thread-like vessels found in every part of the body; where O2 is exchanged for CO2; very thin walls (one cell thick) to allow diffusion of nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and white blood cells

Question 20

coronary artery

Answer 20

supplies blood to the heart

Question 21

from what artery do all other arteries branch off from?

Answer 21

aorta

Question 22

brachiocephalic trunk

Answer 22

supplies blood to forelimbs, brain, head, and neck

Question 23

celiac artery

Answer 23

supplies blood to stomach, liver, and spleen

Question 24

the celiac artery divides into what 3 arteries?

Answer 24

gastric (stomach), splenic (spleen), and hepatic (liver)

Question 25

mesenteric artery

Answer 25

supplies blood to intestines

Question 26

renal artery

Answer 26

supplies blood to kidneys

Question 27

iliac artery

Answer 27

supplies blood to hindquarters

Question 28

what are the 3 parts of blood?

Answer 28

1. plasma 2. platelets 3. cells

Question 29

plasma

Answer 29

mainly water and nutrients

Question 30

platelets

Answer 30

very small and only survive for 9-11 days

Question 31

erythrocytes

Answer 31

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide; produced in bone marrow, live 3-4 mo., and are broken down by liver and spleen

Question 32

anemia

Answer 32

decreased RBC count and Hb concentration

Question 33

bacterial infection

Answer 33

increase in WBC

Question 34

dehydration

Answer 34

decrease in plasma %

Question 35

fitness level

Answer 35

more fit = higher RBC and Hb

Question 36

viral infection

Answer 36

reduction in WBC and change in type of WBC found (more lymphocytes instead of neutrophils)

Question 37

spleen

Answer 37

contracts, injecting blood w/ high % RBC into horse's blood, thereby increasing the number of RBCs in the blood and increasing blood carrying capacity

Question 38

What percentage of blood in a resting horse vs. in the spleen is made up of RBC?

Answer 38

35% vs. 80%

Question 39

why would you not want to blood dope a horse?

Answer 39

would make the blood very viscous and increase BP, potentially causing a heart attack; horses already naturally blood dope

Question 40

lymph system

Answer 40

clear fluid that contains WBC and nutrients to injured areas

Question 41

when is swelling good vs. bad?

Answer 41

good because it promotes healing and immobilizes the area, but bad because too much swelling can cause damage

Question 42

What is the pathway of a RBC from the point it becomes oxygenated until it returns for more oxygen?

Answer 42

pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary venules, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left A/V valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, major arteries, artery, arterioles, muscle capillary bed, venule, vein, major veins, vena cava, right atrium, right A/V valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary arterioles