Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

1. draw air into lungs
2. transfer oxygen
3. acid/base regulation
4. humidification
5. thermoregulation
6. defense against contaminants
7. smell
8. communication
9. increase abdominal pressure

Question 2

What do the nasal cavity and sinuses do? What structures do they does this through?

Answer 2

humidify and warm air and filter particulates; turbinates

Question 3

Olfactory message _______ cross hemispheres.

Answer 3

don’t

Question 4

flehman response

Answer 4

pheromone detection by the vomeronasal organs/Jacobson’s organs

Question 5

dorsal displacement of soft palate

Answer 5

soft palate moves above the epiglottis, obstructing the airway; symptoms include exercise intolerance and noisy breathing

Question 6

What are the 2 nasal chambers divided by?

Answer 6

nasal septum

Question 7

What 3 bones protect the nasal chambers?

Answer 7

nasal, incisive, and maxillary bones

Question 8

What does the hard palate do?

Answer 8

separates nasal and oral cavities

Question 9

pharynx

Answer 9

shared space between oral and nasal cavities

Question 10

turbinates

Answer 10

highly vascular and made of blood vessels

Question 11

what structures are present in the nasal chamber?

Answer 11

nasal turbinates, hard palate, soft palate

Question 12

what structures are present in the larynx?

Answer 12

epiglottis, arytenoids, vocal cord, vestibular fold, rima glottis

Question 13

what structures are part of the upper airways?

Answer 13

nostrils, nasal chamber, pharynx, larynx

Question 14

what structures are part of the lower airways?

Answer 14

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 15

diaphragm

Answer 15

separates thoracic and abdominal cavities; contracts, creating negative pressure inside the thorax and drawing air in

Question 15

what structures are part of the gas exchange airways?

Answer 15

alveoli

Question 16

what structures are part of the conducting airways?

Answer 16

everything in the upper and lower airways

Question 17

what lobes are present in the lungs?

Answer 17

2 apical lobes
2 caudal lobes
1 accessory lobe

Question 18

How many branches and sub-branches does the trachea split into?

Answer 18

2 main bronchi
4 sub-branches

Question 19

what is the purpose of the secretory ciliated epithelium?

Answer 19

produce mucus to trap particles and sweep particles/mucus back up the airways; prevents particles/dust from reaching the alveoli and interfering with the gas-exchange barrier

Question 20

respiration

Answer 20

diaphragm contracts and air flows through upper and lower airways to reach alveoli; gas exchange occurs

Question 21

What does the upper airway do during respiration?

Answer 21

warms and humidifies the air

Question 22

What is a negative to the upper airway structures?

Answer 22

provide 60% resistance to air flow

Question 23

What are lung sounds? Where should they not be heard?

Answer 23

result of high velocity and turbulent air flow in the trachea and bronchi; should not be heard in bronchioles

Question 24

What regulates the diameter of the airway?

Answer 24

smooth muscle found along the respiratory tract starting at the trachea

Question 25

What happens when a horse lays down on its side?

Answer 25

ventilation is very uneven and the weight compresses part of the lungs, thereby reducing blood flow and ability to ventilate

Question 26

RAO

Answer 26

recurrent airway obstruction; includes heaves, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); symptoms are shortness of breath and coughing; caused by allergies/being in a dusty/confined area

Question 27

EIPH

Answer 27

exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage; breath so hard that capillaries in the respiratory system burst; can be treated with Lasix, which is a diuretic

Question 28

laryngeal hemiplegia

Answer 28

characterized by roaring and exercise intolerance; paralysis of one or both of the arytenoid cartilages, preventing full abduction during inspiration

Question 29

How do horses use their movement to make respiration easier?

Answer 29

exhale when on their front feet, inhale when on their back feet

Question 30

What are some ways that horses increase airflow to the lungs?

Answer 30

1. position their head so air doesn't have to travel up and then down 2. dilate nostrils 3. fully abduct arytenoids 4. dilate bronchi/bronchioles

Question 31

what is tidal volume?

Answer 31

the amount of air moving in/out of the lungs

Question 32

Epiglottis and arytenoids' positioning when eating vs. sleeping vs. sprinting away from a predator

Answer 32

Eating: arytenoids closed/adducted and epiglottis covers trachea Sleeping: arytenoids open, but not fully and epiglottis covers soft palate so can breathe Running away: arytenoids fully abducted and epiglottis covers soft palate so maximum air flow through trachea